Term
| o pH of blood must remain between |
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Definition
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Term
| o Blood temperature is slightly ___________ than body temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| o transporter proteins role in the blood |
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Definition
| carry nutrients in the blood |
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Term
| dissolved substances of blood plasma |
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Definition
• Nutrients
• Salts (metal ions)
• Respiratory gases
• Hormones
• Proteins
• Waste products – come from cells |
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Term
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Definition
o Albumin
o Clotting proteins
o Antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma protein hormone that regulates osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| plasma proteins that help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured |
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Definition
| plasma proteins that help protect the body from antigens |
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Term
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Definition
living cells of the blood
including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| non-living matrix of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
prevents clotting
o inner surface is coated with anticoagulant (i.e. Heparin) |
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Term
| 3 fractions of the Heparinized Tube |
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Definition
• heaviest erythrocytes at bottom 45%
• then small band called buffy coat containing leukocytes and plates less than 1%
• Plasma is lightest 55% |
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Term
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Definition
• Neutrophils – most common cells (& granules)
• Eosinophils
• Basophils |
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Term
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Definition
• Lymphocytes - most common agranulocytes
• Monocytes – appear Granular, BUT NOT |
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Term
| • Blood Smear using Wright’s Stain |
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Definition
Take drop of blood and put on a glass slide
Insert edge of cover slip, and smear the blood over the glass slide
Can identify different cells/elements of the blood
Possible to do a cell count of the different cell types in the smear |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow |
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Term
| o All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell known as __________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces other formed elements |
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Term
| 2 types of blood cells that are stem cells |
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Definition
• Lymphoid stem cell
• Myeloid stem cell |
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Term
| main function of the Erythrocytes |
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Definition
| function is to carry oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
vconcavity from all directions
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus) – nucleus leaves before maturity
Contain very few organelles |
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Term
| RBC outnumber white blood cells ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| o Each erythrocyte has how many hemoglobin molecules |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Erythrocytes are able to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| How many days do erythrocytes last? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are warn out red blood cells removed from blood stream? |
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Definition
Recognized and removed by phagocytes in the spleen & liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte production |
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Term
| Which organ produces erythropoietin? |
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Definition
| Kidneys, in response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood |
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Term
| Function of erythropoietin |
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Definition
| stimulates hemocytoblasts via a negative feedback from blood oxygen levels |
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Term
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Definition
pre-phase of erythrocyte
temporary membrane forming a network of reticulum throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
| How can the number of reticulocytes can serve as a diagnostic tool? |
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Definition
| o if number increases, predict there’s been a surge of erythropoiesis → sign of internal bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
body’s defense against disease
complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels |
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Term
| Mechanism of diapedesis in leukocytes |
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Definition
breakage or trauma to blood vessels causes a release of different chemicals
leukocytes escape circulation by creeping btwn endothelial SIMPLE SQUAMOUS cells that line all blood vessels
move by ameboid motion via (positive hemotaxis) |
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Term
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Definition
movement is toward a higher concentration of the chemical
(leukocytes towards site of chemical release) |
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Term
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Definition
| high concentration of leukocytes, which results in an infection |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormally low leukocyte level
caused by certain drugs (steroids and corticosteroids)
steroids help with inflammation, which ultimately results in lower number of white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
contains granules
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Term
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Definition
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granule
• Include lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
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Term
| Neutrophil (aka polymorphonuclear Leukocyte) (aka PMN) |
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Definition
granules
multi-lobed
First responders
Phagocytize bacteria
Major component of pus cells (dead neutrophils)
most common granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
o Bilobed
o Large granules
o Kill parasitic worms
o Inactivate inflammatory chemicals due to allergic response |
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Term
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Definition
• Lobed nucleus
• Release histamines and other chemicals of inflammation
• Contains heparin (anticoagulant
• Least common
• Large nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Round nucleus (halo)
Both T and B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| cell directly involved with removing pathogen directly from circulation or connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
HUMORAL immunity
responsible for the release of antibodies into the circulation…not directly attacking the antigen
recognize the antigen but don’t directly make the antibody
recognition causes the B cell to change into a plasma cells, which then directly synthesizes and releases the antibody specific to the particular antigen |
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Term
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Definition
• Kidney – shaped nucleus
• Phagocytes
Develop into macrophages (histocyte)
chronic infections
Largest of white blood cells |
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Term
| List leukocytes from most common to least common: |
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Definition
• Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
o Neutrophils (50 – 70%)
o Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)
o Monocytes (3-8%)
o Eosinophils (2-4%)
o Basophils (0.5 – 1%) |
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Term
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Definition
ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting cascade |
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Term
| 3 Stages of homeostasis in clot formation |
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Definition
• Platelet plug formation
• Vascular spasms
• Coagulation |
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Term
| • Platelet Plug Formation |
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Definition
o Blood vessel ruptures
o Platelets become “sticky” and cling to collage fibers
o Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
o Platelets stick to collagen fibers, which causes a clumping of platelets along the torn area →forming a platelet plug |
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Term
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Definition
o Anchored platelets release serotonin as a result of the damage
• Serotonin causes blood vessel smooth muscle to spasm
Causes them to contract, reducing the size of the lumen, bringing the sides of the vessels together
o Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
o Injured tissues release thromboplastin
o PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
o Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
o Fibrin forms a meshwork
• Once thrombin in present, it converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin, which is INSOLUBLE
• Fibrin is a fiber-like structure, the insoluble forms come together for form the clot |
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Term
| Typical amount of time it take for blood clot formation |
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Definition
takes 3-6 minutes
o Clot stays in place long enough to get the endothelial cells to start regenerating
o Enzymes break down fibrin to remove it when it’s not necessary |
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