simple squamos

·      Epithelial tissue

·      Simple layer of flat cells with disc shaped nuclei

·      Special Types:

o   1. Endothelium (inner covering)-slick lining of hollow organs

o   2. Mesothelium (middle covering)- lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. Covers visceral organs of those cavities

·      Functions:

o   Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important (because very thin!)

·      Locations:

o   Alveoli of lungs

o   Renal corpuscles and glomeruli

o   Lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels

Lining of visceral body cavity (serosae)

 simple cuboidal

·      Epithelial tissue

·      Single layer of cube like cells with large spherical central nuclei

·      Functions

o   Secretion and absorbtion

·      Location

o   Kidney tubules (if you see tubes (donut shaped) THINK CUBOIDAL

o   Ducts and secretory portions of small glands (sweat glands, etc)

o   Ovary surface

·      Epithelial tissue

·      Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei( often near the base of the cell) , some have cilia, layer, may have goblet cells

·      Function

o    absorbtion, secretion of mucus enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

·      Location:

o   Nonciliated type: lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal); gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands

o   Ciliated type: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

 pseudostratified ciliated columnar

·      Epithelial tissue

·      Nuclei seen at differing heights, may contain goblet cells, they bear cilia, single layer of cells at differing heights, some of the cells not reaching the free (apical) surface)

·      Function

o   Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

·      Location:

o   Non-ciliated type: found in male’s sperm carrying ducts, and ducts of large glands

o   Ciliated type: lines the trachea; most of the upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous

·      Epithelial tissue

·      Many layers of cells- squamous in shape. Deeper layer of cells appear cuboidal or columnar in shape. Thickest of all epithelial tissues- adapted for protection

o   Specific types:

§  Keratinized- contained the protective proteins keratin

·      Surface cells are dead and full of keratinà PROTECTIVE

·      Location: epidermis of skin

§  Non keratinized- forms moist lining of body openings

·      Location: lining the mouth, oral pharynx, anus, vagina, esophagus

o    Function- protects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion

·      epithelial tissue

·      resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch. “balloon shaped”and bulbous (not column or cube shaped)

·      Function:

o    stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

·      Location

o   Unique to urinary bladders and ureters ONLY

·      Functions

o   Defending body against infection (roles in inflammation)

o   Supporting and binding other tissues (wraps and cushions organs)

o   Holding body fluids and storing fat

·      Contains collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers (all produced by fibroblasts)

·      Cells- fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC’s

·      Locations

o   Widely distributed under epithelia (ex: lamina propria of mucous membranes)

o   Packages organs

o   Surrounds capillaries

o   Primarily parallel collagen fibers (with some fibroblasts and elastic fibers) Poorly vascularized

o   Function

§  Attaches muscle to bone, attaches bone to bone, withstands great stress in ONE direction

o   Location

§  Tendons and ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia around muscles

o   Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers (some elastic fibers and fibroblasts

o   Function

§  Withstands tension in many directions, and provides structural strength

o   Location

§  Dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints and organs

·      is a connective tissue where branching elastic fibers predominate; fibroblasts are present in the spaces between the fibers; it is a strong tissue.

·      Location

o   Walls of the aorta, alveoli, vocal cords

·      network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance

another type of loose connective tissue

·      Function

o   Form a soft, internal skelton (stroma) – supports other cell types

·      Location

o   Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

Know reticular fibers, mast cells, and WBC’s

Mesenchymal tissue

·      Embryonic connective tissue

·      What would be the adult derivative? ANY CONNECTIVE TISSUE ex: cartilage, bone, blood etc. 

·      Closely packed adipocytes, have nucleus pushed to oneside by fat droplets

·      Function:

o   to provide reserve fuel

o   insulates against heat loss

o   supports and protects organs

·      Location:

o   Under skin

o   Around kidneys

o   Behind eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts

Imperceptible collagin fibers, chondroblasts produce matrix, chondrocytes lie in lacunae

·      Functions

o   Supports and reinforces, resilient cushion, resists repetitive stress

·      Location:

o   Fetal skeleton, costal cartilage of ribs, end of long bones, cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

·      Matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage with thick COLLAGEN fibers predominating

·      Function

o   Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

·      Location

o   Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

·      Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more ELASTIC fibers in matrix

·      Functions

o   Maintains shape of structure

o   Allows great flexibility

·      Location

o   Supports external ear

o   epiglottis

Functions: support and protect organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, stores fat, marrow is a site for blood cell formation

Location: Bones

Compact bone

·      aka Cortical bone, also known as compact bone is one of two main types of osseous tissues. Cortical bone is dense and forms the surface of bones, contributing 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. It is extremely hard, formed of multiple stacked layers with few gaps.

Functions: support and protect organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, stores fat, marrow is a site for blood cell formation

Location: Bones

Spongy bones

·      The other major type of bone is aka trabecular or cancellous bone; it is spongy and makes up the bulk of the interior of most bones, including the vertebrae. Its main function is to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement and (shared with cancellous bone), store minerals.

·      Atypical connective tissue, develops from mesenchyme, and consists of cells surrounded by non living matrix.

·      RBC and WBC in a fluid matrix

·      Function

o   transportation of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes.

·      Location

o   Within blood vessels

• §  Stratum corneum- outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
• §  Stratum lucidum- thin clear layer of dead cells in the epidermis below the stratum corneum (on thicker layers of skin, palms and soles of feet)
• §  Stratum granulosum- contains cells and visible granules that die and move to the surface (directly below tratum lucidum or corneum depending on where it is found in the body)
• §  Stratum spinosum- keratinization begins in this cell layer and it is between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale. Have large pale staining nuclei
• §  Stratum basale- made of basal keratinocyte cells, is the lowest layer of the epidermis, immune cells, touch receptors, and pigment cells. Stains darker
•   Dermis- connective tissue!

Stratum papillare

Made of loose areolar connective tissue, named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extends towards the epidermis and contain either terminal networks of capillaries or tactile meissner’s corpuscles

Stratum reticulare

The reticular region lies under the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers and weave it throughout, these protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Also located with this region is the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels