Term
1) female reproductive/genital tract
2) gonads (ovaries)
3) breasts |
|
Definition
| list the components of the female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
1) production of ova
2) incubation of fertilized ovum/fetus
3) post partum lactation |
|
Definition
| list the functions of the female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gametogenesis, more specifically oogenesis |
|
Definition
| process of creating an ovum |
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|
Term
| menarche - occurs at beginning of puberty |
|
Definition
| initiation of menstrual cycle & sexual maturity, what is it, and when does this occur? |
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Term
|
Definition
| cessation of the menstrual cycle ~age 50 |
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|
Term
| GnRH (and subsequently FSH & LH) |
|
Definition
| what controls both menarche and menopause? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| where does GnRH come from? |
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|
Term
| FSH and LH come from the anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| where do the gonadotropic hormones come from? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| paired organs lateral to uterus on posterior wall of the abdomen, sites of oogenesis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| how big is a human ovary typically? |
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|
Term
pelvic wall - suspensory ligament
uterus - ovarian ligament
broad ligament - mesovarium |
|
Definition
| how do ovaries attach to the pelvic wall? the uterus? the broad ligament? |
|
|
Term
humans: every 28 days
other species: seasonally or intervals throughout the year |
|
Definition
| in humans, how often does ovulation occur? in other species? |
|
|
Term
| FSH & LH from the anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| what hormones control ovulation? |
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|
Term
| endocrine, secrete estrogen and progesterone |
|
Definition
| are ovaries endo/exo/para crine organs? what do the ovaries secrete? |
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|
Term
| tunica albuginea: fibrous connective tissue covered by simple squamous-cuboidal mesothelium |
|
Definition
| name and describe the capsule surrounding the ovaries |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| where blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter the ovary |
|
|
Term
| Wolffian ducts, and hilus cells |
|
Definition
| what embryonic vestigial remnants might be seen in the ovary? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to interstitial cells(Leydig) with foamy, eosinophilic cytoplasm and brown lipofuscin granules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| where follicles are found in the ovary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contain female gametes (Ova) at various stages of development |
|
|
Term
1) loose CT stroma +
2) fibroblasts +
3) collagen fibers +
4) ocassional smooth muscle bundles +
5) nerves & blood vessels |
|
Definition
| what is found in the medulla of the ovary? |
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|
Term
1) corpus hemorrhagicum
2) corpus luteum
3) corpus albicans |
|
Definition
| list the post-ovulatory follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post ovulatory follicle containing blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post ovulatory follicle that has an endocrine function "yellow body" |
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|
Term
| corpus lutem, produces estrogen and progesterone |
|
Definition
| what post ovulatory follicle produces endocrine products? what does it produce? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| post ovulatory follicle that is mostly fibroblastic connective tissue "white body" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue scars surrounded by glassy membrane (thickened basement membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these follicles do not take up stain and appear pinkish gray |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| primordial germ cells in fetal development |
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|
Term
| the yolk sac, they migrate to the ovarian cortex |
|
Definition
| where are oogonia formed? where do they go? |
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|
Term
| 4th or 5th month of fetal development, form ~400,000 total |
|
Definition
| when do oogoina undergo mitosis? |
|
|
Term
| when they mature into primary oocytes |
|
Definition
| when do oogonia undergo meiosis? |
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|
Term
| they are called primary oocytes(primordial follicles), and stop at prophase 1 |
|
Definition
| what stage of meiosis do oogonia stop at? |
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|
Term
| until after sexual maturity at puberty, when they are ready to ovulate (12-50 yrs later) |
|
Definition
| how long do primary oocytes remain in prophase 1? |
|
|
Term
| FSH from anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| what stimulates follicle development & maturation? |
|
|
Term
| follicle development and maturation is stimualted by FSH release |
|
Definition
| what happens int he follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
|
Term
| several develop, only 1 is ovulated |
|
Definition
| how many follicles begin to develop each month? how many ovulate? |
|
|
Term
1) primordial follicle
2) primary follicle
3) secondary follicle
4) mature/Graafian follicle
5) ovulation
6) ovum |
|
Definition
| list the phases of follicular maturation (in order) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stage of meiosis is a primodial follicle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of oocyte is found in a primodial follicle? |
|
|
Term
| primodial follicles only have 1 layer of follicular cells, primary follicles have several layers (called the zona granulosa) |
|
Definition
| compare the number of layers of squamous/cuboidal follicular cells surrounding the oocyte in primordial follicles vs primary follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell organelles (golgi, ER, mitochondria & lysozomes) in the cytoplasm of a primary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| large nucleus with prominent nucleolus and abundant cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| when the primary oocyte resumes meiosis, what is the nucleus like? |
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|
Term
they are eosinophillic granules located just below the plasma membrane of the primary oocyte that contain proteases
they participate in the cortical reaction following penetration by sperm |
|
Definition
| where are cortical granules found? what do they do? |
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|
Term
| they have endocrine function, secrete estrogen and a little FSH: found in zona granulosa (beginning in the primary follicle) |
|
Definition
| what do granulosa cells do, where are they found? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblast-like cells of ovarian stroma surrounding granulosa cells from an organized layer called the ____ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| clear zone around the oocyte -extracellular layer composed of glycoproteins & proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what forms a communication between granulosa cells and the oocyte? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microvilli from oocyte & slender cytoplasmic processes( ______ ) from follicular cells extending into the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled chamber that develops within the zona granulosa |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for follicular fluid filling the antrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the antrum is visible, what kind of follicle is it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick layer of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the secondary follicle (hill around the oocyte) |
|
|
Term
| zona is around the antrum, cumulus oophorus is round the oocyte --both made of ganulosa cells |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between the zona granulosa and the cumulus oophorus? |
|
|
Term
| steroid secreting cells (they make androgens such as estrogen and progesterone) |
|
Definition
| what does the theca interna differentiate into? |
|
|
Term
| a fibroblastic CT capsule around the follicle |
|
Definition
| what is the theca externa? |
|
|
Term
| when it is a secondary follicle |
|
Definition
| when does the ovarian stroma surrounding the follicle differentiate into theca externa and theca interna? |
|
|
Term
| when the follicle it is inside becomes a mature/graafian follicle (right before ovulation) |
|
Definition
| when does the oocyte enter the second meiotic division? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of oocyte is in a secondary follicle? |
|
|
Term
| when it enters the second meiotic division |
|
Definition
| when does a primary oocyte bcome a secondary oocyte? |
|
|
Term
corona radiata
this comes out with the egg into the abdominal cavity during ovulation |
|
Definition
| in the mature follicle, the antrum is VERY large and several layers of cumulus oophorus surround the oocyte called the ______ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when does the completion of the first meiotic division of the egg occur? |
|
|
Term
| secondary oocyte in metaphase 2 |
|
Definition
| at ovulation, what kind of oocyte is it, and what stage of meiosis is it in? |
|
|
Term
| in the fallopian tube after ovulation |
|
Definition
| where does the second meiotic division occur? |
|
|
Term
| in 4th/5th month of female fetus, oocyte stops in prophase 1, then just before ovulation, the egg pauses at metaphase 2 |
|
Definition
| when does the egg "pause" in development, and what stage of mitosis/meiosis does it stop at? |
|
|
Term
| peak in estrogen and LH secretion |
|
Definition
| what stimulates ovulation(rupture of the Graafian follicle)? |
|
|
Term
| 48 hrs prior to ovulation |
|
Definition
| when does the pre-ovulatory LH surge occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bell-shaped, modified distal end of the uterine horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finger-like projections on the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| not until after the ovum is penetrated by sperm |
|
Definition
| when is the second meiotic division of the egg completed? |
|
|
Term
| 1 from meiosis 1, and 1 or 2 from meiosis 2, depending on whether the first polar body divides or not |
|
Definition
| when do the polar bodies come off? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| after ovulation, the ruptured follicle fills with blood and forms a clot called the ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the corpus hemorrhagium turn into under the influence of LH from the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the corpus luteum is composed of steroid secreting _____ cells |
|
|
Term
small-from theca interna
large-from granulosa lutein cells of zona granulosa |
|
Definition
| where are the smaller theca lutein cells from? the larger theca lutein cells? |
|
|
Term
theca: estrogen
granulosa: estrogen and progesterone
maintains the uterine lining |
|
Definition
| what do theca lutein cells secrete? what do granulosa lutein cells secrete? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
with: 12-14 days
without: 12 weeks |
|
Definition
| how long does a functioning corpus luteum last with pregnancy? without pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the corpus luteum involutes, what does it become? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive, degenerate corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| an atretic follicle -> CT corpus fibrosum |
|
Definition
| if a follicle does not mature, what does it become? after that? |
|
|
Term
| a glassy membrane (thickening of the basement membrane) |
|
Definition
| what surrounds the corpus fibrosum? |
|
|
Term
| lots: granulosa cell tumors are an example |
|
Definition
| what types of cells can ovarian tumors come from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common MALIGNANT tumor of the female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accounts for 18% of all gynecologic neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when do women usually get granulosa cell tumors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficult to detect, usually not diagnosed until extensive or metastasized, diagnosed based on an abdominal mass, x-rays, and possibly estrogen if it is a functional tumor |
|
|
Term
| surgical removal & chemo/radiation (not a good prognosis |
|
Definition
| what is the treatment for granulosa cell tumors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of tumors are ovarian tumors typically? |
|
|
Term
| fallopian tubes or uterine horms |
|
Definition
| what is another name for the oviducts? |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle wall with mucosal lining and outer layer off loose connective support tissue |
|
Definition
| what is the similar basic structure of the oviducts, uterus, and vagina? |
|
|
Term
| infundibulum(trumpet shaped part) -> ampulla(bend) ->isthmus (narrow part right before uterus) |
|
Definition
| before the oviducts hit the uterus, what are the parts of the tube called? |
|
|
Term
1)peristaltic contractions of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers
2)beating of ciliated columnar epithelial cells lining the mucosa of the ovaduct |
|
Definition
| what enhances the movement of the ova in the ovaduct & minimizes ectopic implantation/pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
1) ciliated columnar epithelial cells
2) non ciliated columnar secretory peg cells |
|
Definition
| what kind of cells are found lining the mucosa of the ovaduct? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the ovaduct that provide nutrient rich secretions to nourish the oocyte |
|
|
Term
| the ampulla of the ovaduct |
|
Definition
| where does fertilization of the ova usually occur? |
|
|
Term
| pear shaped, 7 x 3 x 3 cm long |
|
Definition
| describe the shape and dimensions of the uterus |
|
|
Term
myometrium:
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal |
|
Definition
| name the smooth muscle of the uterus, and name the 3 layers of it(circular/longitudinal...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the myometrium undergo hypoplasia or hyperplasia during pregnancy? |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin from POSTERIOR petuitary |
|
Definition
| what enhances smooth muscle contractions of the myometrium at parturition? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly modified, layered mucosa of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| simple, ciliated columnar epithlium supported by stroma containing numerous simple, highly coiled glands |
|
Definition
| what type of "-thelia" is the endometrium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what arteries supply the endometrium? |
|
|
Term
1)stratum basalis &
stratum functionalis:
2)stratum spongiusum
3) stratum compactum |
|
Definition
| name the 3 layers of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of endometrium adjacent to the myometrium, NOT shed during menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick and spongy intermediate layer of endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin superficial layer of endometrium |
|
|
Term
| stratum spongiosum & stratum compactum |
|
Definition
| what layers make up the stratum functionalis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what layers of endometrium are shed in menstruation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short arteries found within the basal layer of epithelium ONLY, not shed with endometrial lining during menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coiled thick-walled arteries with numerous branches, respond to hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| a progesterone surge at the end of the menstrual cycle causes vasoconstriction and ischemia of the mucosa that causes the stratum functionalis to slough off with the spiral arteries |
|
Definition
| why does the endometrium shed in the uterus? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen and progesterone, gets 1-6 mm thick |
|
Definition
| what influences the thickness of the endometrium and how thick does it get? |
|
|
Term
1) primarily ebryonic tissue of the fetus
2) also from uterine endometrium |
|
Definition
| what does the placenta develop from? |
|
|
Term
| leiomyoma (uterine fibroid) |
|
Definition
| benign uterine tumor of myometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare uterine tumor of the myometrium |
|
|
Term
| endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| what is the most common endometrial cancer that accounts for 80% of uterine cancer? |
|
|
Term
| vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain |
|
Definition
| what are the side effects of endometrial adenocarcinoma? |
|
|
Term
| a leiomyoma is a smooth muscle tumor (looks like smooth muscle on histological examination) & an endometrial adenocarcinoma is a tumor that histologically looks like endometrial tissue |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between a leiomyoma and an endometrial adenocarcinoma? |
|
|
Term
| the cervix (the entrance/exit to the uterus) |
|
Definition
| what is found at the proximal end of the vagina? |
|
|
Term
| simple columnar, mucus secreting glands (endocervical glands) |
|
Definition
| what lines the endocervical canal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the transitional zone between the cervix and vagina called? |
|
|
Term
| thick, non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| what lines the ectocervix? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells located at the external opening of the cervix ( _______ ) undergo cyclical changes with the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| squamous metaplasia, and occasionally the cells undergo malignant transformation leading to cervical cancer |
|
Definition
| what do cyclical changes in the external os cause over time? |
|
|
Term
| carcinoma of the uterine cervix |
|
Definition
| second most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when in life does carcinoma of the uterine cervix usually present? |
|
|
Term
| cervical cancer (this could be due to the Human papilloma virus) |
|
Definition
| what disease in this chapter has a higher incidence associated with early, frequent intercourse & multiple partners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 85-90% of tumors are what kind? |
|
|
Term
1)cervical smear (Pap smear from Papanicolaou) or
2) punch biopsy |
|
Definition
| how is cervical cancer diagnosed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are exfoliated cells rich in, so that they cen be studied by exfoliative cytology, the basis of the pap smear? |
|
|
Term
| dysplasia which leads to carcinoma in situ which can lead to an invasive carcinoma |
|
Definition
| what are early changes in the exfoliative cells of the cervix associated with? |
|
|
Term
| carcinoma in situ involves the entire epithelium, invasive carcinoma is when the tumor cells penetrate basement membrane into underlying stroma |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma? |
|
|
Term
| THERE ARE NONE! it gets lube from the cervix |
|
Definition
| name the glands of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium |
|
Definition
| what epithelium lines the vagina? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what glands lubricate the vagina? |
|
|
Term
| mucus producing vestibular glands |
|
Definition
| what glands lubricate the clitoris and external urethral orifice? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the external genitalia of the female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labia minora + labia majora = |
|
|
Term
| at the end of the luteal phase |
|
Definition
| at what phase in the menstrual cycle does the uterine mucosa slough off? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur? |
|
|
Term
| what most mammals do, they go into heat, stimulated by an LH surge at ovulation and their uterus discharges a clear, yellow fluid |
|
Definition
| what is an estrous cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the non-receptive portions of the esterous cycle referred to as? |
|
|
Term
| "something's up there, time to breed." |
|
Definition
| what did the male mammal say to the female on her estrous cycle? |
|
|
Term
| follicular phase (proliferative phase) |
|
Definition
| during this phase, endometrial stroma thickens and proliferates with increased secretion from uterine glands |
|
|
Term
| estrogen from the developing follicle (until ovulation ~day 14) |
|
Definition
| what sustains the follicular phase? |
|
|
Term
1) menstrual phase - decrease in FSH and LH
2) follicular phase - increase in FSH
3) prolferative phase - estrogen from maturing follicle (supresses LH)
4) luteal phase - LH surge, ovulation, progesterone from CL |
|
Definition
| name the phases of the menstrual cycle, and what initiates them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during which phase of the menstrual cycle does the release of progesteone from the CL after ovulation promote secretion of the endometrial glands and glycogen storage? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what facilitates the luteal phase, and how long does it last? |
|
|
Term
| there is a decrease in progesterone which causes menstruation |
|
Definition
| if there is no fertilization or implantation, what happens to progesterone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what marks the fist day of the menstrual cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by desquamation, or sloughing of endometrial lining |
|
|
Term
| decrease in FSH and LH, lasts 3-5 days |
|
Definition
| what promotes the menstrual phase? how long does it last? |
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|
