Term
|
Definition
zonula occludens
joins epithelial cells, particularly in sheet formation
separates two parts of epithelial cell
pathway inbetween epithelial cells to pass from one compartment to another |
|
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Term
|
Definition
zonula adherens
runs all the way around the cell just beneath the tight junction
neighboring cells are close, but do not touch
actin microfilaments support from intracell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macula adherens, keratin
can exist anywhere along the sides of cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| holds cells to underlying substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nexus, connexons
places where the gap between cells is narrow, fixed and even
pore
no cytoskeleton association
regulated by each cell's internal Ca conc
poore allows small molecules to flow back and forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brush or striated border
small, highly organized projection on an epithelial cell surface
actin is central structural component
form on apical surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sugars at the surface of the membrane proteins that usually stick out on the membrane in brush borders
faint residual coming off the microvilli |
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Term
|
Definition
another way to increase surface area of cell
ridges at the surface of a cell
actin is central structural component
form on apical surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
larger, finger-like projections from a cell surface
actin is central structural component
form on apical surface
located on hair cells in ear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| greatly increase surface area of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
propulsive structure
motor that allows cilia and flageela to move |
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|
Term
|
Definition
9+2 arrangement
reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
9+0 arrangement, single cilia sticking up on surface of epithelium
plays role in cell signaling
respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
luminal, mucosal
side the mucus exits on |
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|
Term
|
Definition
abluminal, serosal
sides or base of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| lumen (apical surface) --> basal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal surface --> luminal surface |
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|
Term
|
Definition
membrane-bound material that was produced in cell getting released
mucus secretion by epithelial cells, hormones by peptide secreting cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
things are eliminated from cell but part of the cell surface membrane goes with it
i.e. fatty substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire cell is degraded to form secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically into blood (sometimes lumen)
cells can do it all the time
ex: albumin in liver cells
continuous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more common
contents get stored in epithelial cells and are released upon a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposite of mucous cells; secrete watery materal
ex: tongue, releases saliva enzymes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
form as part of neural crest cells that leave early in embryo and end up in all kinds of organs
release contents on basolateral side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granule full of mucin, water can't be pumped out
nucleus squished at bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous cell that is all by itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lots of SER
mitochondria with tubular cristae
contain fat droplets for used in steroid synthesis
products leave cell by diffusion b/c steroids can't be packaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile cells that are part of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no longer considered part of basement membrane
made of fibrilar collagens and other proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extracellular structure
located right beneath an epithelial cell, muscle cell and peripheral nerve cell
made of type IV collagen, laminin and heparin sulfate
looks felt-like filter
serves as anchoring substrate, signaling for differentiation, filter for molecules and cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process that cells can move through basement membrane
in tumor progression, takes 3 BMs crossed for metastasis |
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Term
|
Definition
about as wide as is tal
round central nucleus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
taller than it is wide
elongated nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very flat, almost no visible cytoplasm
squished nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single layer
ex: simple squamous lines blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multiple layers
type is determined by the surface cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stretches and changes shape
not really cuboidal, squamous or columnar
ex: in bladder |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified epithelium |
|
Definition
jumbled looking nuclei
not stack of cells, just nuclei at different levels |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle cell (fiber) |
|
Definition
very long, striated, multinucleated with nuclei at periphery
contain contractile strands called myofibrils surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
scaroplasm = cytoplasm
sarcolemma = plasma membrane
all or none contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connectiv3e tissue surrounding each skeletal muscle cell
looks thin, wispy and delicate between cells
surrounds and fills space between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several skeletal muscle cells bundled together surrounded by perimysium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue layer surround skeletal muscle fascicles
desnser than endomysium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick, tough layer covering groups of fascicle
usually surrounds the named muscle groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle --> fascicle --> myofiber (cell) --> myofibril |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contractile unit of myofibril
composed of thick and thin filaments arranged in a highly-ordered manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of sarcomere with only thin filaments
does not alter the rotation of polarized light = isotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of sarcomere with thick and thin filaments
alters the rotation of polarized light = anisotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where thin filaments are anchored
sarcomeres connect at Z-lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located at center of sarcomere
where thick filaments are anchored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
areas in sarcomere of non-overlapping surrounding the M-line
area of only thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed mainly of actin (filamentous), some troponin and tropomyosin
troponin and tropomyosin are involved in control of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of myosin
has ATPase sites and actin-binding parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulatory molecule associated with thin myofilaments
consists of Ca-binding, inhibitory, and tropomyosin-binding units
helps to regulate muscle contraction by sensing calcium levels and exposing the actin's myosin-binding site when levels are high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invaginations of the sarcolemma
from an anastomosing network around the sarcomere around the A-I band junction
associate with terminal cisternae of the SR to form triads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind-ended sacs of the SR that associate with the transverse tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of a motor axon and the myofiber(s) that it innervates
1:1 fine control
1:160 coarser motions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branched cells joined physically and electrically
nuclei are centrally located and mitochyondria are prevalent
very aerobic
sarcomeres are highly organized
have t-tubules that carry electrical signal in from the outside (has diad at end) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structures joining cardiac muscle cells together
made of fascia adherens, macula adherens and gap junctions
gap = electrical connections |
|
|
Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
Definition
released by cells of the atria
involved in regulation of body fluid volume |
|
|
Term
| fascia adherens (cardiac) |
|
Definition
| connects Z-lines to one another between cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei and no striations
thick and think myofilaments connected to intermediate filaments, less organized
contraction is partially regulated by assemble/disassemble of thick filaments
also regulated by proteins on thin filaments
capable of mitosis to replace injured tissue (can regenerate by dedifferentiating, dividing and redifferentiating) |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking between thin filaments and intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking between cell membrane and thin filaments in smooth muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells have gap junctions and function in syncytium
cells contract together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
richly innervatred group of non-gap-junction-connected of cells
allows for very fine gradations of contraction
ex: iris of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, slender cells that reside just beneath the basement membrane next to each myofiber
less differentiated cells in skeletal muscle that can undergo division and form new muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| regeneration of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| satellite cell --> myoblast --> myotubes --> myofibrillogenesis --> myofiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that myotubes undergo to produce filaments and myofibrils to become myofibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
step past satellite cells
do not look like muscle cells but express muscle proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by fusion of myoblasts
long cells with multiple nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location of cell bodies in the central nervous system
some specific areas = nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of nerve fiber tract in central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| neuron classification by # processes |
|
Definition
| multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar |
|
|
Term
| neuron classification by function |
|
Definition
| excitatory, inhibitor, modulatory, sensory, motor, interneurons |
|
|
Term
| neuron classification by transmitter |
|
Definition
| gluatmergic (excitatory), GABAergic (inhibitory), dopaminergic (modulatory) |
|
|
Term
| neuron classification other |
|
Definition
| projection, interneurons, pyramidal, granule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RER in a histological stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments of the neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive inputs from other neurons
exhibit repeated branching, taper off
have dendritic spines
multiple per neuron possible (multipolar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receiving portion of the dendrite
small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite
bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sends out information to other neurons
one per neuron, bifurcate and branch with consistent diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial segment of axon coming from the cell body |
|
|
Term
| anterograde axonal transport |
|
Definition
from cell body to peripheral
motor protein = kinesin |
|
|
Term
| retrograde axonal transport |
|
Definition
from peripheral to cell body
motor protein = dynein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of communication between two neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by gap junctions
few in the mammalian brain
no modulation which is not good for us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has lots of vesicles containing neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface has many receptors and associated proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic surface
usually contain enzymes to regulate neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce myelin for the CNS axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce myelin for PNS axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipoprotein complex, "insultation"
allows for fast velocity conductance
salutatory conductance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap between myelin sheaths on a myelinated nerve fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one schwann cell per segment
one oligodendrocyte envelops many segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most numerous glial cell
fibrous in the white matter
protoplasmic in gray matter
have end feet
function as physical support, maintaining homeostasis, releasing neurotrophic factors and neurotransmission
increase and change morphology after ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extended processes that link to endothelial cells of capillaries or present at the external surface of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| injection of Schwann cells |
|
Definition
used to treat spinal cord injuries
bridge the gap of the injured spinal cord
guide regenerating axons
limit scar tissue formation
enable factors to accumulate
offer environment that can be modified
facilitate tracing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional barrier that restricts exchange of substances between brain and blood
endothelial cells connected by occluding junctions, low transcytotic activity
basement membrane
pericytes
end feet of astrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophage in the CNS derived mainly from bone marrow
facilitate immune response in pathological conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune disease characterized by myelin degeneration
microglia give wrong signal to lymphocytes, saying myelin is foreign
symptoms disappear and come back, cycling
eventually damage is irreversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tunnel in middle of spinal cord
lined by ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliated cuboidal epithelium that lines the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any area in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cell processes that forms a synaptically dense region containing a relatively low number of cell bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surround the pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory ganglia of the PNS
surround the multipolar neurons in the autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Term
sensory ganglia
(examples, cell types) |
|
Definition
cranial ganglia, DRG
composed of pseudounipolar neurons that bifurcate and satellite cells |
|
|
Term
autonomic ganglia
(example, types of cells) |
|
Definition
intramural ganglia
composed of multipolar neurons and satellite cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue around larger group of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue around small groups of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue around individual axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducting sensory signals from peripheral terminals to CNS
passing through DRG and dorsal horn
precise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducting movement signals CNS to skeletal muscle
passes through ventral horn
fast, precise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls smooth muscle, glands, cardiac rhythm and maintains body homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducint sensory signals from internal organs to CNS
travels through DRG
diffuse, vague, referred pain |
|
|
Term
| visceral sympathetic motor nerve |
|
Definition
preganglionic from thoracolumbar division, relases acetylcholine at sympathetic ganglia
postsynaptic from ganglia to effector tissue, releases norepinephrine
mobilizes body for activity |
|
|
Term
| visceral parasympathetic motor nerve |
|
Definition
preganglionic from craniosacral division, releases acetylcholine at ganglia
postganglionic from ganglia to effector tissue, releases acetylcholine
singals body to go into low energy, saving energy mode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms physical, protective barrier (part of immune response)
regulates body temperature and water loss
conveys sensory information about external environement
participates in homeostasis (hormone, cytokine, and growth factor secretions and converting vitamin D to active form)
excretion through exocrine secretion, sweat, sebaceous and apocrine glands (elimination of toxins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external layer of skin
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of ectodermal origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner layer of skin
formed by connective tissue of mesodermal origin
supports the epidermis and binds it to the subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
| stratum basale (germinativum) |
|
Definition
deepest layer of epidermis
single layer of basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells
mitotically active
attached to GM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of epidermis deep to granulosum and superficial to basale
several layers of cells that exhibit numerous cytoplasmic processes/spines
connect to each other by desmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of epidermis deep to lucidum or corneum but superficial to spinosum
3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells that contain coarse basophilic granules
less developed in thin skin than thick skin
contain keratohyaline granules and lamellar bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of epidermis found only in thick skin; deep to corneum and superficial to granulosum
single layer of extremely flattened eosinophilic epidermal cells
cells start to lose nucleus and organells
still have keratohyaline granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superficial-most layer of epidermis
15-20 layers of flattened, non-nucleated keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in the stratum granulosum and lucidum of epidermis
contain proteins that attach to keratin in tonofibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in stratum granulosum of epidermis
lipids enclosed in membrane and released into extracellular media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by the release of lipids from lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum
forms a lipid layer that protects the skin from dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present in palsm of hands and soles of feet
hairless
think areas of high abrasion
has stratum lucidum, thicker corneum and granulosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present everywhere but palms and soles of feet
in most cases, has hair
does not have stratum lucidum, less corneum and granulosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
predominant cell type in epidermis
produce keratin
participate in formation of epidermal water barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major structural protein of epidermis
produced by keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from neural crest
round cells with cytoplasmic projections that are scattered among cells of stratum basale
produces and secrete pigment melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by melanocytes from tyrosine
transferred via cytocrine secretion to keratinocytes
protects against the damaging effects of non-ionizing UV radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from bone marrow
star-shaped cells present mainly in the stratum spinosum
bind, process, and present antigens to T-cells (mediate immune response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modified epidermal cells located in stratum basale
present in thick skin, where sensory perception is acute
contain dense-cored neurosecretory granules
closely associates with expanded terminal bulb of afferent nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mechanoreceptor
formed by close association of terminal buble of afferent myelinated nerve and a Merkel's cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme involved in synthesis of melanin from tyrosine
absent in albinos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most superficial layer formed by loose connective tissue
network of delicate type I and II collagen and elastic fibers
anchoring fibrils (type IV) insert into basal lamina and bind the dermis to epidermis
contains nerve processes and blood vessels that supply (not penetrate) epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deepest layer of demis
thickness varies by part of body
always thick and less cellular than papillary layer
formed by type I collagen and elastic fibers that are regularly oriented (form lines of tension) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines of tension created by type I collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular dermal layer
incisions along these lines heal better and leave less of a scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by epidermis following the same shapes of blood vessels and dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structure in dermis
formed by arteries and veins and surrounded by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between dermis and hypodermis
artery, vein and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between papillary and reticular dermal layers
artery vein and lymphatcis |
|
|
Term
| free nerve endings (skin) |
|
Definition
terminate in stratum granulosum of epidermis
allow multiple sensation including touch, heat and cold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large ovoid structure in deeper dermis and hypodermis
composed of myelinated nerve ending surrounded b y capsule
response to pressure and vibration
formed by modified Schwann cell, concentric layers around unmyelinated fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tapered cylinders oriented perpendicular to skin surface in papillary layer of hairless skin
respond to touch, and low-frequency stimuli
formed by modified Schwann cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated fusiform structures that function as mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epidermal invagination responsible for production and growth of a hair
acellular hyaline layer formed by thickened BM separates hair from dermis
always associated with a subaceous gland
surrounded by internal and external root sheaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal dilation of hair follicle during growing period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
at the base of a hair bulb
contains a capillary network that irrigates the hair follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associate with hair follicles
release sebum into the canal around the hair
die by apoptosis as they become filled with sebum (holocrine secretion)
acinal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated keratinized filamentous structures with 3 layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central part of shaft contain large vacuolated and moderately keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located peripheral to medulla
contain cuboidal cells that undergo differentiation into keratin-filled cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of hair that contains squamous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external and internal surround hair follicle
made of epithelial cells that are continuous with epidermis and surround hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth stage of hair
hair bulb more developed and producing hair cells and cells that make it grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small bundle of smooth muscle that controls movement of hair
contraction --> raise hair --> goose bump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transitional stage of hair
hair stops growing
root is dimished and dermal papilla breaks away and rests below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage during which hair is entirely inactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flexible, hard plates of keratinized cells containing hard keratin
located on dorsal side of phalanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proximal part of nail; hidden in nail groove
constant addition of cells and keratinization --> nail growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by dividing cells thaqt eventually cornify forming nail root
variety of cells: stem, melanocytes, keratinocytes, Merkel's cells and Langerhan's cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"the nail" itself
highly specialized stratum corneum
cells contain hard keratin that does not desquamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of skin where nail rests
formed by stratum basale and stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of skin right below nail where it becomes free and separates from skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced and released by sebaceous glands
coats hair and skin
oily substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classified on basis of their secretion method: merocrine or apocrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(eccrine)
simple tubular glands with ducts opening at the skin surface over the entire body (except lips and ext. genitalia)
embedded in dermis
composed of dark cells and clear cells that are surrounded by myoepithelial cells that help with secretion
ducts are formed by two layers of cuboidal cells
innervated by cholinergic fibers
merocrine secretion method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain secretory granules of merocrine sweat glands
granules contain glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
devoid of secretory granules
produce watery component of sweat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large-lumen, tubular glands associated with hair follicles in axilla, areolaa and anus
embedded in dermis and hypodermis
innervated by adrenergic nerves
merocrine secretion method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release products into a small duct that will carry product directly onto end of hair follicle or onto epidermal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by layer of epithelial cells that surround them
start to accumulate lipids and form vacuole cells called sebocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle in cello that has the secretion product is released by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removal of damaged collagen fibers by macrophages
proliferation of fibroblasts and subsequent production of collagen and other ECM components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proliferation of basal keratinocytes of undamaged skin around wound
cover of wound by scab
migration of proliferating keratinocytes beneath scab
proliferation and differentiation to restore the multi-epidermis layers
detachment of scab and desquamating keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basale and spinosum b/c contain stem cells that allow the renewal of epidermal cells
can be culture to produce ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blistering skin disease
abnormalities in dermal-epidermal junction
due to presence of antibodies against the BM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blistering skin disease
loss of intercellular junctions among keratinocytes
due to antibodies against desmosome proteins
big skin lesions, like on fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in number of proliferating cells in stratum basale and spinosum
decrease in the cycle time
greater epidermal thickness and more rapid renewal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of skin cancer
tumor cells originate from basal cells of epidermis or epidermal appendages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of skin cancer
tumor cells originate from squamous cells of the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of skin cancer
tumor cells originate from melanocytes
most aggressive form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal presence of nuclei in stratum corneum
seen in psoriasis due to decrease cycle time not allowing proper differentiation of epidermal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
silver baby
autosomal dominant
hypocoloration and discoloration
hair appears silvery and have accumulation of pigment in hair
immune problems
accumulation of melansomes around nucleus that are not released
Rab27a defective protein that is involved in transport of melansomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warming of air before it gets deep into lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| done by nasal hairs, mucus from secretory units and goblet cells in respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| conducting portion of respiratory system |
|
Definition
nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
function to condition inspired air (conduction and filtration) |
|
|
Term
| respiratory portion of respiratory system |
|
Definition
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
function for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
majority of epithelium in resp system
ciliated pseudostratified columnar (unique)
looks stratified bu all touch basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| ciliated respiratory cells |
|
Definition
most abundant cell
long cilia at apical end
mucus transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucus production
number increase during chronic irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microvilli
free nerve endings (interface with NS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stem cells
can differentiated into any of other respiratory cells
located close to GM |
|
|
Term
| small respiratory granule cells |
|
Definition
neuroendocrine function
secrete catecholamines that regulate airway diameter
contained within and release from secretory granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized epithelium that allows sense of smell
located on superior concha
pseudostratified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transformation of epithelium from respiratory to stratified squamous
occurs with chronic insult by turbulent flow (chronic cough, bronchitis or smoking)
no goblet cells or cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bipolar neurons, ciliated
cilia project into the lumen and have receptors for odorant |
|
|
Term
| supporting cells (of olfactory epithelium) |
|
Definition
microvilli, apical nucleus
interspersed between ciliated cells |
|
|
Term
| basal cells (of olfactory epithelium) |
|
Definition
| single layer at epithelium base, stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka olfactory gland
serous glands in lamina propria
secretions contain odorant-binding protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted from Bowman's glands
binds to odorants and carires them to receptors on olfactory cell cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| venous plexus in lamina propria of olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| nasal cavity lamina propria |
|
Definition
| highly vascular to help warm inspired air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paired chamgers separted by a septum
comprised of vestibule and nasal fossae
functions to trap particles and begin warming the are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains vibrissae
transition from keratinized stratified squamous epithelium from skin to respiratory epithelium
contains sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal hairs that are in the nasal vestibule
function to begin trapping particles
seen at nonkeratinzed stratified squamous but disappear before respiratory epithelium begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three conchae, superior containing olfactory epithelium
middle and inferior have respiratory
function to produce turbulent flow
highly vascularized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase surface area of region (more particle collection and air warming)
create turbulence in air flow (more particle collecting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cavities in facial bones
mucus travels to nasal cavity
prone to infections
covered in respiratory epithelium (bit thinner) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects nasal cavity to larynx
naso and oralpharynx sections
oral = nonkeratinzied stratified squamous
naso = respiratory epithelium (pseduostratified columnar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects pharynx to trachea
irregular shapes of cartilage (hyaline and elastic)
vocal cords contained within
respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two mucosal folds projecting into lumen of larynx
each contains a supporting ligament and skeletal muscle
covered by stratified squamous epithelium (better for resisting abrasion of speaking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from base of larynx to start of bronchial tree
hyaline cartilage rings in "C" shaped, closed off by trachealis muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense, fibrous tissue on top of cartilage rings in trachea
serves to contract lumen of trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bronchi to terminal bronchioles
progressive transition to smaller diameter
segmental branching deep into lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two
come off the trachea
enters each lung at the hilum
have glands and cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NO glands or cartilage
still have smooth muscle, some goblet cells
progressive transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to ciliated simple columnar to cuboidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete alveolar fluid which serves as the aqueous phase of surfactant
bulge out into the lumen of tubes
have prominent granules that secrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one for each lobe of the lung (two in left and three in right)
irregular cartilage plates which decrease in size/number as tube gets smaller
contains circular layer of smooth muscle
abundant mucous and serous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fairly simple epithelium that is NOT DISRUPTED |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fairly simple epithelium that is DISRUPTED by alveoli pockets
two or more arise from each terminal bronchiole
clara cells can be present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of tube at which respiratory bronchiole contals only alveoli
lined by squamous alveolar cells
contains smooth muscle, elastic, and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collection of alveoli at end of alveolar duct
like a cul-de-sac of alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sac-like evaginations of respiratory structure
O2 and CO2 exchange
lined by simple squamous epithelium (type I) and cuboidal (type II) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wall separating two adjacent alveoli
comprised of two layers of squamous epithelium between which are capillaries, CT, leukoctyes
alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage is in the respiratory portion (distal to terminal bronchioles)
permanent enlargement and wall destruction of air spaces
due primarily to loss of elasticity (elastic fibers) via elastase (from PMNs)
smoking is major cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial infection in alveoli leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation
lots of lymphocytes and fluid accumulation in respiratory portion |
|
|
Term
| type I (squamous alveolar) cells |
|
Definition
flat (very thin) that line majority of alveolar surface
provide minimum thickness barrier for gas exchange
connect via both desmosomes and occluding junctions
form the sac-like nature of alveolus |
|
|
Term
| type II (great alveolar) cells |
|
Definition
much larger cuboidal cells located in corners of alveoli (group of 2-3)
contain lamellar bodies that secrete pulmonary surfactant
can differentiated to replace injured type I cells
can be connected with occluding junctions to type I alveolar cells |
|
|
Term
| alveolar macrophage (dust cell) |
|
Definition
in alveolar septum and alveolar spaces
remove degraded surfactant and other debris
either migrate up the bronchial tree or remain in alveoli for life |
|
|
Term
| endothelial cells of respiratory capillaries |
|
Definition
thin, no fenestrations
express angiotension-converting enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surfactant deficiency in premature infants (production begins at 35th week of gestation)
results in collapse of alveolar walls
tx: corticosteroids (which stimulate synthesis of surfactant) or artificial surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates air in alveoli from blood in capillaires (0.1-1.5u thick)
surface lining and cytoplasm in alveolar cells
fused BM of the alveolar and endothelial cells
cytoplasm of endothelial cell
facilitates exchange of gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serous membrane coving the lung that serves to facilitate sliding during respiration
parietal and visceral layers
normally pleural cavity has thin film of liquid (pathologies lead to accumulation of fluid) |
|
|
Term
| hydrothorax/pleural effusion |
|
Definition
| general accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of blood in pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of air in pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site are primary source of lymphocytes
where lymphocytes undergo antigen-independent differentiation
bone marrow and thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peripheral
lymphocytes can react with foreign antigens and undergo antigen-dependent differentiation
MALT, lymph nodes, and spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary lymphoid organ
site of origin for Bcells, NK, dendritic cells and precursors to T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary lymphoid organ
bilateral organ located in mediastinum
site of maturation of T cells
encapsulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains numerous lymphocytes without apparent organization
usually associated with mucous membrane (GI, resp, urinary)
close to areas that can be entry point of pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes are arranged as spherical masses called nodules (or follicles)
contain mainly B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present in activated lymphoid nodules
contains actively dividing cells that have more cytoplasm than mature lymphocytes
disappear after completion of initial immune response |
|
|
Term
| reticular cells (lymphoid) |
|
Definition
produce reticular fibers that provide support to cell in most lymphoid tissue (except thymus)
fibers composed of type III collagen
density of fibers determines the mobility of cells in tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most potent antigen presenting cells
derived from bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white blood cells responsible for specificity of adaptive immune response
can be classified as B, T or NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete IgA
B-cell derived antibody secreting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by plasma cells
contain secretory component that gives it resistance to enzymes (remains active in enzyme-rich secretions)
confers resistance to microorganism
serum monomer, dimer, J chain, and secretory component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T lymphoblasts or thmocytes (immature T cells) and macrophages in stroma of epithelial reticular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T lymphocytes, epithelial reticular cells and reticular fibrocytes
Hassal's corpuscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains debris from dead cells with connective tissue around
function-unknown (marker of aging?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortex: positive selection - thymocyte that bind self MHC
medulla: negative selection - thymocytes that bind strongly MHC (potential for auto-immune response) |
|
|
Term
| post-capillary venules (high endothelial capillaries) |
|
Definition
located at cortico-medullary junction in thymus
where cells leave thymus
endothelial cells are not flat as they typically are for capillaries |
|
|
Term
| thymus cortex capillary (thymus blood barrier) |
|
Definition
lined by continuous endothelial cells that are surrounded by type I epithelial reticular cells that attach to each other by desmosomes
prevents immature T cells from escaping thymus prematurely |
|
|
Term
| severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) |
|
Definition
severe defect in both T, B and NK cells
mutations in gene that encodes IL-2 receptor gamma chain
bubble boy syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Peyer's pathes and tonsils
accounts for total mass of lymphoid tissue in GI, resp, and GU tracts
composed of diffused lymphoid tissue and non-encapsulated or partially-encapsulated aggregations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only connective tissue on inside border that blocks entrance of pathogens from that area
partially encapsulated MALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secondary lymphoid tissue
bean-shaped structure distributed through the body along the course of the lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reticular cells, macrophages, APCs, and B cells
lymphoid nodules w/o germinal centers
sub-capsular sinsues and cortical sinuses |
|
|
Term
| sub-capsular lymph node sinuses |
|
Definition
immediately beneath the capsule on cortex
formed by reticular fiber meshes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
run between the lymphoid nodules in cortex
communicate with sub-capsular sinsues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T lymphocytes (no B cells)
post-capillary venules lined by tall endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medullary cords - B cells, plasama cells and macrophages
medullary sinsues - spaces that contain lymph, lymphocytes, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secondary lymphoid organ, ecncapsulated
filtration of blood
destruction of aged erythrocytes
production of antibodies and activated lymphocytes
pulp - reticular tissue containing reticular cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and APCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphoid nodules
periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS)
densely populated by T and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splenic cords (Cords of Bilroth)
venous sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| periarteriolar lymphoids sheaths (PALS) |
|
Definition
found in white pulp of spleen
populated largely by T cells and surround central arteries within the spleen |
|
|
Term
| splenic cords (cords of Billroth) |
|
Definition
| between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of blood vessel next to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outside layer of blood vessel
made mostly of CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of blood vessel containing smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller blood vessels in the walls of large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
about 7-10um in diameter
consist of endothelium and occasionally a pericytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found adjacent to blood vessels
visible with EM
capable of undergoing division and differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tightest junction of capillaries
located in muscle, nerve, CT and exocrine glands
have tight junctions, often pinocytotic vesicles, no fenestrate and a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| fenestrated capillary w/ diaphragm |
|
Definition
more leaky form of capillaries
located in kidney, gut and endocrine glands
have tight junctions, some pinocyototic vesicles, fenestrae, diaphragms, and basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| fenestrated capillary w/ diaphragm |
|
Definition
more leaky than w/o diaphragm
located in renal glomerulus
have tight junctions, some pinocytotic vesicles, fenestrae, no diaphragms and a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leakest of capillary types
located in bone marrow, lymphoid, liver (due to large amount of protein/ceolls moving across these capillaries)
have some tight junctions, no pinocytotic vesicles, fenestrae, no diaphragms, and some basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major protein that is part of fenestral diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ring of smooth muscle at the entrance to capillary bed
where blood flow can be controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process characterized by movement of some cells across the endothelium of capillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tunica intima = endothelium
tunica media = smooth mm, elastic laminae (many throughout)
tunica adventitia = present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tunica intima = endothelium
tunica media = sm and elastic laminae (internal and external lining)
tunica adventitia = present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intima = endothelium
media = smooth muscdle
adventitia = present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intima = endothelium
media = none
adventitia = none |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intima = endothelium
media = none
adventitia = present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intima = endothelium
media = smooth muscle
adventitia = present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intima = endothelium, CT, muscle
media = smooth muscle
adventitia = CT and longitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct communication of smaller arteries and veins
if these are open then blood will be shunted from capillary beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrium - endothelium and CT
ventricle - endothelium only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrium - muscle
ventricle - muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrium - CT and mesothelium
ventricle - CT, vessels, and mesothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have blind ends
endothelial cells with no fenestrae, incomplete tight junctions and very little BM
anchored via direct attachment of collagen fibrils to endothelial cells
capillaries fuse to form larger vessels which have thinner walls of similar size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes
40-50% in men
35-45% in women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"buffy coat"
~1% of blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid remaining when blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water, plasma proteins, inorganic salts, organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low hematocrit
common causes are blood loss, reduced production of RBCs or accelerated destruction of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased number of RBCs
ex: low oxygen environment, dehydration, myeloproliferative disorders
reactive (due to less plasma) and true (more RBCs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fully mature form
anucleate w/o organelles
biconcave disks that are extremely flexible (facilitating travel in capillary)
7-8um in diameter
120 day lifespan, then phagocytosed by macrophage in spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
nuclei with 2+ lobes
specific granules with enzymes
contain azurophilic granules (mostly lysosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
have azurophilic granules but no granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
60-70% of leukocytes
multi-lobe (2-5) nucleus linked by chromatin (# is indicative of age)
1-4 day lifespan
express P-selectin ligands
enter CT at post-capillary venules via diapediesis
acts as defense against bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very young neutrophil characterized by horseshoe shaped nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drumstick-like appendage of nucleus in neutrophils of females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expressed on neutrophils on cell surface
serve to interact with vasculatoure to slow travel of neutrophil and attract it to sites of damge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation in medulla of bone marrow - 7 days
storage in medulla - 4 days
circulating and marginating - 6-7 hours
connective tissue doing their job - 1-4 days
die via apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-4% of leukocytes
bilobed nucleus
large specific granules (highly eosinophilic)
key protein = major basic protein, kills parasites
high concentration of these in sites of potential inflammation (i.e. GI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~0.5% of leukocytes
irregularly lobed nucleus that is often masked by granules
key protein = heparin and histamine
functions like mast cell (mediator of inflammation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
originate in bone marrow as monoblast ->promonocyte -> monocyte and enter circulation as mature cell
circulate for ~8hrs and then go into CT and become macrophage specific to that tissue
nucleus I oval, horseshoe, or kidney shaped; eccentric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~28% leukocytes
originate form bone marrow as blast and prolymphocyte
B cells fully diff in marrow and then migrate to peripheral organs to multiply
T cells immature from marrow go to thymus to mature
T-cell = cell-mediated immunity, B-cell = recognizes antigens, NK cells = attack virus-infected cells and some tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelets
dissociate from megakaryocytes w/in marrow
no nucleus
functional regions: hyalomere and granulomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of function for platelets
at periphery of the cell
contains two membrane systems that facilitate uptake (open canilicular system) and release (dense tubular) of factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of activity for platelets
in central region of cell
contains granules (alpha, delta, and lambda) filled with clotting factors (fibrinogen, PGF) |
|
|
Term
| colony forming units (CFUs) |
|
Definition
collections of each type of blood progenitor cells
influenced by colony stimulating factors
each produces one cell lineage (except CFU-GM)
progenitor -> unipotent or bipotent (blasts, histo differentiation possible) -> terminal cell lineage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hematogenous
100% of marrow in new borns, transition to yellow with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of reticular cells and fibers, type I and II collagen, hemonectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in stroma of red marrow
plays a role in keeping everything together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in red marrow
site of blood cell formation containing the CFUs |
|
|
Term
| sinusoidal capillaries in red marrow |
|
Definition
| formed by endothelial cells, allows for mature cells to enter circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fatty
inactive
majority of marrow in adults
made of adipocytes
reversion to red possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophages in medullary cords of bone marrow promote RBC differentiation
erythropoietin stimulates macrophages to increase RBC production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proerythroblast - large with clearly visible nuclei
basophilic erythroblast - basophilic cytoplasm, condensed nucleus, mitotic cell
polychromatophilic erythroblast - mitotic cell
orthochromatophilic erythroblast - non mitotic, still has nucleus
reticulocytes - no nucleus, some polyribosomes
erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*accumulation of protein and packaging into granules
azurophilic granules made first then specific
stages: myeloblast, promyeloblast, myelocyte, metamyelocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most immature cell that is recognizable in granulopoiesis
no cytoplasmic granules yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multi-potential stem cell
has azurophilic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor for each lineage, acquires specific granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prominent granulation
Golgi apparatus volume is reduced with lessening production of proteins and granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maturation of megakaryoblasts to megakaryocytes
large cells, lobulated nucleus
dermarcqation of membrane w/in are invaginations of PM that serve as reservoir for growing platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytoplasm processes that extend from megakaryocyte body
penetrate into sinusoidal capillaries
ends are pinched off to form platelets |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue proper (primary) |
|
Definition
surrounds and invests epithelium, muscle, and nerve tissue
classified as loose or dense depending on fiber content and organization within the ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adipose, cartilage, elements of blood, myeloid and bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure, defense, transport, storage, repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rate increases with age
genetics affects
lifestyle affects (smoking, sunlight, diet, exercise)
disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elastosis (wrinkles)
change in fat distribution
thinning of bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis)
attenuation of joint mobility (cartilage degradation)
weakening of immune system (wound healing less efficient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycans and structural glycoproteins
fills connective tissue space not occupied by fibers and cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycans
found in bone, cartilage, skin, and vessels
core proteins = versican or aggrecan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycan
found only in cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycan
found only in mast cells
core protein = syndecan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycan
found in skin, tendon and vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycan
found in cartilage and synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structural glycoprotein of ground substance
binds to cells, collagens, GAGs, proteoglycans, and other glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structural glycoprotein of ground substance
binds to cells, collagens, GAGs, proteoglycans, and other glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant protein in body (30% dry weight)
large segments of Gly-X-Y
left-handed helical structure
3 helicies form right-handing super-triple-helix = tropocollagen
fibers are inelastic and have high tensile strength
fibrils only visible on EM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two alpha-1(I) chains and one alpha-2(I) chain
most numerous in CT
forms fibrils and fibers
skin, tendon, bone, dentin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms fibrils
cartilage, vitreous body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms fibrils and fibers
skin, muscle, blood vessels, frequently with type I |
|
|
Term
| collagen fibril formation |
|
Definition
outside cell
tropocollagen line up head-to-tail
lines of that associated and form covalent cross-links by lysyl oxidase between lysines on the tropos
periodicity of striations = 67nm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms 2D cross-linked network
found in all BMs
made up of 3 of one of the 6 collagen gene products
small globular domain at N-term and larger at C-term
triple helix has interruptions that give flexibility
form dimers and tetramers to yield a sheet-like network |
|
|
Term
| fibril-associated collagens |
|
Definition
types VI and IX
link the fibrillar collagens to one another or the other ECM components |
|
|
Term
| sheet-forming and anchoring collagens |
|
Definition
types IV, VII, XV
form 2D networks in BMs and connect BMs in skin to underlying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
types XII, XVII
function as adhesion receptors |
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Term
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Definition
collectins, C1q
help body recognize and eliminate pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, acute glomerulonerphritis
related to type IV collagen mutations with auto-antibodies attacking it (1* in kidney) |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases resulting from defects in collagen |
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Term
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Definition
vascular type
inherited CT disorder
characteristic facial features (acrogeria), translucent skin with highly visible subcutaneous vessels, easy bruising, severe arterial digestive and uterine problems
autosomal dominant, mutations in COL3A1 gene for type III procollagen
die in 40s
type II is main component of reticulocytes! |
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Term
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Definition
composed 1* of type III collagen
high content of glycoproteins associate
extremely thin, 0.5-2um diameter
stain with silver salts = black fibers
present in smooth muscle, endoneurium, and framework of hematopoietic organs (spleen, lymph node, red marrow) |
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Term
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Definition
oxytalan fibers -> elaumin -> elastic fibers
3rd stage
elastin deposition increases, occupying center of microfibril scaffold and is primary protein of fiber system
found in dermis and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
degenerative changes in dermal CT with increased amounts of elastotic material
wrinkles |
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Term
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Definition
first stage of elastic fibers
organize scaffold
found in dermis and zonule fiber of eye
very resistant to pulling |
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Term
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Definition
second stage of elastic fibers
irregular deposition of elastin appears in oxytalan microfibrils
found in dermis and sweat glands
located around oxytalan fibers and more stretchy than oxytalan |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by sagging and inelastic skin (extremely wrinkled in certain areas)
disease affects CT in many places of body
different forms distinguished by inheritance mode |
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Term
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Definition
wispy, small amount of cytoplasm extends as multiple thin processes away from oval nucleus
give rise to cells of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue cells derived from mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells
most common cell of CT
produce fibers and ground substance of CT
typically found next to collagen fibers
oblong shaped |
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Term
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Definition
white/yellow fat in H&E looks like chicken wire
stains black with osmium
nucleus is on the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
less prevalent
small lipid droplets, more cytoplasm
cells stain darker
nucleus is centrally located |
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Term
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Definition
derived from monocytes
part of innate immune system
phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue cell that contains numerous basophilic granules with heparin (or chondroitin sulfate), histamines, and other chemical mediators of inflammation
surface is covered with IgE receptors (some antibodies stick to) --> granule reslease
function: anaphylactic hypersensitivity, inflammation, cytotoxicity, and immunoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
derived from B cells
pump out tons of antibodies
secrete immunoglobulins
basophilic cytoplasm
eccentric nucleus |
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Term
| loose connective tissue (areolar) |
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Definition
delicate consistency, flexible, well vascularized
fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
collagen, elastic and reticular rfibers
significant ground substance
supports epithelial tissue, in serosal linings of peritoneal and pleural cavities |
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Term
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Definition
fewer cells, clear predominance of collagen fibers
less ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
i.e. tendon
long, parallel bundles of collagen fibers
fibroblasts in longitudinal rows |
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Term
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Definition
thin, delicate (compared to collagen)
best observed with orcein stain
found in loose CT or in blood vessels
associated with vessels as laminae and fibers |
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