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| the earliest inhabitants of Georgia. They were believed to have crossed the continental bridge. Hunted large game; identified edible plants. |
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| Began in 1,000 BC. Originated in Ohio. Mixed economy. Establishment of agriculture, cultivation of corn, squash, beans. Agriculture makes it a more sedentary lifestyle, but hunting is still important. Specialization of jobs. Evolution of gender roles. |
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| This is a refinement of the another Period. Development of towns in river valleys. It was a hierarchical society (Chiefs/religious figures). Fighting amongst each other. Cities had fences for protection. When the Spanish came this went into decline. Mound Builders. |
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| Believed to come from the great lakes area. Were there 1000 years before the Spanish. They lived primarily inland so it took awhile for Spanish contact. The Chattahoochee separated the ____ and the _____. First contact to Europeans were with those who wanted to trade deerskin. First sustained contact: Mary Musgrove. This made hunting more for material need than for need. Introduction of firearms led to long term trade (they could not make gun powder). They were introduced to the idea of landownership. |
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| descended from Mississippi mound builders. They held together through intermarriage between clan. They had a common language. They had regional meetings with rules and laws, but there was no individual head of government. The European gave them their name because they lived along waterways. They called themselves Muscogee. |
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| descended from Mississippi mound builders. They held together through intermarriage between clan. They had a common language. They had regional meetings with rules and laws, but there was no individual head of government. The European gave them their name because they lived along waterways. They called themselves Muscogee. |
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| governor of the Spanish Florida; founded St. Augustine; attacked the French South Carolina; Spanish officer who pushed French from North Carolina and Florida; contact with Indian chief Guale; settled Santa Catalina |
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| Santa Catalina/St. Catherine's |
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| built by the Spanish at St. Augustine during their mission development to convert Indians; ______ is the island that the _____ was built on; it was burned down shortly before it was taken over by the British; barrier island between South Carolina and Florida |
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| Indians ; welcomed Menendez; curious about Catholicism; lived in coastal Georgia |
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| members of Catholic religious movement. Religious leaders at the monasteries trying to convert the Indians into Catholicism |
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| started when a Guale Indian named _____; ______ was in line to become a leader in the Guale nation but one of the Franciscan priests deprived him of that position so he killed the priest; raids ensued and many of the missions; crushed by the Spanish ending the Guale nation |
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| settled Savannah and founded Georgia; banned slavery and rum; built Ft Frederica on St. Simon’s Islands; was a trustee; prohibited the leasing of land; land passed only to sons |
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| Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia (esp. their original vision for the colony)- |
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| They prohibited slavery (immoral, make whites lazy, bad for defense), prohibited rum and brandy, land could not be leased and could only pass down to the eldest son in a family (did not want large landowners because it would weaken GA’s effectiveness as a buffer state). Their ideas ended up being questioned. One year before charter is up, trustees abandon original vision, abandon charter, and GA becomes a royal colony. |
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| the chief that Oglethorpe asked for permission to settle on the Yamacraw. He became friends with Oglethorpe. Through ______, Oglethorpe began talking to other chiefs to try to acquire more land to settle. |
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| PRO SLAVERY- GA could not compete economically w/SC who could have slaves and white servants were sickly and costly. ANTI- security reasons, fear of rebellion, laziness, fear of land being ran by overseers and its effects on security, and slaves would run away (so close to St. Augustine).They also argued against prohibition and land ownership limits. |
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| The colony that Oglethorpe made at St. Simons Island since St. Augustine remained a threat |
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| City of Spanish control in Florida. This city intimidated the colonies. Slaves had rebelled in Charleston, SC and had escaped to freedom to this place. |
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| brought about between England and Spain. An English sea captain was trading with Spanish colonies. They punished captain by cutting off his ear. England declared war. Oglethorpe attacked by land at St. Augustine, but failed to capture the city. In between attempts, the Spanish landed on St. Simons. |
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| the last battle of the War of Jenkin’s Ear. It was a battle on St. Simons Island. Oglethorpe defeated the Spanish and this is important because it was the Spanish’s last attempt to invade GA |
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| one of three royal governors. He was the most important of the three. He served from 1771-1776. He came back during the Revolution from 1779-1782. He negotiated treaties with native people to add land and expand the colony. Hew was sympathetic with GA during the start of the Revolution. He even tried to urge parliament to address issues with the colonies. He eventually becomes powerless as GA rebels. He appealed to parliament for troop support, but none were sent. The beginning of 1776, a british ship is off the coast of GA. He urges them to still sell rice. Patriots arrest the royal council. ____ and council break free and leave on the ship. |
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| GA gained land from this war. It was fought to decide whether France or England would have control. It was not fought in GA. England won. France had to give up control of East of the Mississippi River. Spanish had sided with France and had to give up control of FL to Great Britain after losing. This ended GA as a buffer state. Population rose since it was much more secure. |
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| Coercive/Intolerable Acts |
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| After French & Indian War the policies on how America was governed changed. Before they somewhat self-governed. Since the war was expensive they turned to the colonies to help pay for the cost. These new ideas of taxation caused growing tension. Stamp Act of 1765 required colonists to purchase revenue stamps to put on any purchased goods. GA is the only place were the stamp act took place; other states protested it. Parliament repealed it and passed the Townsend Acts which imposed duties on everyday items imported into the colonies. The _____ were in response to the Boston Tea Party and were meant as punishment. They shut down Boston harbor and made them build barracks for stationed troops. |
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| GA sent no delegates to the 1st Continental Congress. GA called a _______ that was seen as illegal. It had low attendance and showed a general fear for the British. GA’s provincial congress sent 3 delegates to the 2nd continental congress, but they refused to go. This caused other colonies to be upset with GA and to threaten to halt trade with them. Summer of 1775, new _______ with more support. |
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| Rules and Regulations of 1776 |
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| The provincial congress issued a rudimentary constitution to act as a temporary constitution for the government |
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| was an encounter of the Revolutionary war in 1779. The year before the city of _____ had been captured by the British. It failed even with the French help and the British remained in control of ____ until July of 1782 close to the end of the war. |
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| on January 1779, British Colonel Archibald Campbell moved up the Savannah River with 1,044 men and occupied this place. There, he invited residents of the surrounding countryside to come in and take an oath of loyalty to the king and receive pardons. About 1,400 men complied. |
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| Decline in importance of Savannah since it was occupied for so long. Population of the backcountry increases. The new government is more democratic and more men can vote. There is a weaker executive branch and a powerful legislative branch. There were new people in leadership since people rose to power during the revolution—a lot of old elite gone. More religious freedom with the state church gone. Claimed land from Atlantic through the Mississippi River. The A.O.C. provided for weak national government as a result. It made treaties with Indian natives without consulting with the federal government. |
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| - used as a way to reward veterans of the Revolutionary war. Over 3 million acres were given. Not all settled on land; many sold it |
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| He was an upper creek chieftain who was an educated mixed breed Indian. He played the US against GB and Spain. No one knew he was speaking to other countries. Creeks were divided on him (upper- more contact/friendlier & lower-more reserved). Under Washington plan was not of removal, but of civilizing. He invited ______ to Washington. They came to an agreement. It stated that whites could not go past the Oconee. GA was mad because it took half their land and they did not have a part in it. The U.S. congress had asked GA after the end of the war to give up land; other states had but GA had not. |
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| private companies bribed GA legislator to by a lot of land for very little money. These companies hoped to sell the land for more money (land speculation). Public got word of this and elected new legislators. They rescinded the laws that sold the land to the companies and gave back the money. Some of the land had already been sold. The result dragged out for years in court and was settled by the Supreme Court. |
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| It was used for two decades. Land was given for free. It gave out 30 million acres to 100,000 people. It was divided into parcels of equal size and was given to free white males. It took a small legal fee to get title. The hope was that everyone could have land and it would improve people’s lives. However, since it was free it did not generate money for the state. |
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| Capital was moved to a place on the Oconee River called _____. |
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| War between US and GB because GB was impressing US sailors from the Navy. GB had maintained a presence in US frontier. GA was vulnerable because it had an unprotected coast. GB had been living with the Creeks encouraging them to rebel. Creeks rebelled and were put down by a troops from TN led by Andrew Jackson. It resulted in engagement at Horse Shoe Bend (Tallapoosa River). Jackson forced the Creeks to sign a treaty giving over what is now today much of South Georgia. More treaties followed. By 1820s the remaining Creek land was given to the US. |
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| also won the first popular election of a Georgia governor, beating Clark by a slim margin in 1825. This victory empowered _____, and as a result he initiated an aggressive policy to remove Native Americans from Georgia. The federal government assured Georgia officials that it would soon remove the Creek Indians from Georgia through peaceful negotiations. He, however, refused to wait for such terms, and in 1825 he threatened violence against the Creek Nation if it refused to give in to his demands. In 1825 Troup negotiated the treaty of Indian springs with his cousin, McIntosh. |
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| Signed _________in 1825 with the Creeks. It gave up land in GA and some in AL in exchange for money |
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| the main leader present at the signing of the Treaty of Indian Springs. All Creeks were not in favor of the treaty. There was a Creek law in place that you could not give away land. In May 1825 upper creeks killed _____ and burnt his house down. |
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| the ________ were doing their best to assimilate in order to try to keep their own land. They developed their own written language in 1825 and began publishing their own bilingual paper called the _____ |
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| created the written language for the Cherokees |
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| passed by Andrew Jackson in 1830. It gave ½ million dollars to purchase land from the Indians. They could use force if needed. This also was the year that they found gold in Dahlonega. |
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| believed in Indian removal. He had a large hand in the Indian Removal Act. He saw Indians as a security threat and believed that by removing them to a remote location it would help them to maintain their culture. Even after the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Indian rights, Andrew Jackson refused to acknowledge them. The Supreme Court didn’t have the same pull as it does now. |
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| discovered right around the time of Indian removal. It was found in Dahlonega and in Villa Rica. |
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| Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) |
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| The issue was over whether Cherokee’s self-governing and sovereignty laws challenged GA’s laws. Congress ruled that the Cherokee were a domestic dependent nation, but that they had rights to remain on land until they voluntarily gave it to the U.S. |
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| Worcestor vs. Georgia (1832) |
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| There had been a law passed that all whites living in Cherokee nations to get a pass. It was made for missionaries to prevent gold prospectors. The Cherokee argued that the law was unconstitutional because treaties had been signed so they were recognized as a separate nation. Congress ruled that GA laws were invalid within the Cherokee nation. |
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| - In 1835 a minority group of Cherokee leaders signed the treaty that gave the government all of Cherokee land east of the Mississippi river in exchange for tracts west of the river, 5.5 million dollars, and transportation to the new Indian territory (8,000 miles away). This territory would later become Oklahoma. The majority of Cherokee opposed this agreement; 3 leaders who signed it were murdered. In 1838 many Indians were still on the land; Van Buren was now president and he sent soldiers to witness the removal. |
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| Was an Indian chief. led a movement that encouraged Indians to stay on their land rather than leave. tried to compromise with Jackson to sell their land, but he wanted too much money. he argued that the Cherokees were becoming civilized and resisted relocation. |
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| The Spring of 1838 log pens were constructed and they later forced Cherokee out of homes and into the stockade. The GA guard was involved. Parties of a few 100 were sent westward. October of 1838 thirteen groups were sent west. 3,000-4,000 died in route. The GA guard was more brutal than the professional soldiers. PROBLEM: weather got cold before arrival; private contractors were supposed to send/provide services, but they failed. Cherokee were the last group removed from GA. |
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| inventor of the cotton gin |
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| Refinement of an older cotton machine called a rolling gin. It was inexpensive and mechanically simple. It was copied and improved up on by others. This invention allowed cotton to become more profitable inland. Until this time inland or upcountry had been mainly subsistence farming. |
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| They mainly were subsistence farmers and were not a part of the lower class but were more middle class. They compromised the greatest population of the state. They did not own slaves. They began selling cotton, but would plant ¾ subsistence crops and ¼cotton. |
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Upcountry
Low country was the coast |
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| Belief that no matter how poor the white person was that they were still better than slaves (white man’s democracy). There was a belief among evangelical protestants that it was their job to spread the word of god to their slaves. Idea of paternalism- acting as a slaves’ father. General fear of emancipating slaves. Claimed it was a necessary evil--- used bible verses to defend ideas. Scientific reasons were also used to justify it. |
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| Western and Atlantic Railroad |
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| Railroads linked cotton producing areas to Savannah (the main port). The wealthiest parts of the states got railroads first. This RR had strategic significance during the Civil War. It linked Chattanooga with Atlanta and was completed in 1850. It helped bring the cotton economy to Cherokee GA and helped to also funnel some RR traffic from the North through GA. Atlanta was important because it was a crossroad of the RRs. RRs helped to fuel industry and commerce. |
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| states don’t have to follow federal law since the federal government was encroaching on its rights. |
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| strongest in oldest part of the black belt (most fertile land in GA). _____ supported tariffs, industrialization, and economic connections with the North. |
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| had strength in the newly settled and less wealthy parts of GA. Both parties supported slavery. These were the two parties by the 1840s. |
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| After the Mexican War, the US acquired new land. There was question over whether the new states would become slave or free states. The Wilmot Proviso was passed saying any new lands would be free states, but southerners were outraged. Slaves states start threatening to secede. Then this emerges. GA played a key role in this (Howell Cobb). Under the ______ CA would become a free state. The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, and popular sovereignty would be used to determine the fate of the rest of the new states. It also included the fugitive slave act. |
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| This reinforced laws that were already in place. It said that the federal government must support slave owners in recapturing and returning runaway slaves. |
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| There was division in the state whether to accept the compromise. South’s Rights party- challenged it and Unionist party claimed that the South’s Rights party was going to destroy GA. Unionist party won out. It said that GA accepted the Compromise, but offered a warning: they would protest any violation of the compromise and would protest any limit (by congress) of limiting slavery in a new land. The platform reveals that many Georgians at this time were not in favor of seceding. It stated that if it was not upheld then it was GA’s right to leave the union. |
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| In 1854, The _____ was introduced in Congress. It organizes these two territories along popular sovereignty. PROBLEM: The north believed that this violated the Missouri Compromise which said that slavery could not extend past a certain area. This caused the collapse of the National Party System. It is no longer Whigs/Democrats. Now the Whig Party splits into North and South Whigs. |
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| Following Georgia's secession from the Union in 1861, he served as president of the Provisional Confederate Congress (1861-62) and a major general of the Confederate army. Had a large part in the passing of the Compromise of 1850. |
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| He was the civil war governor of GA. As the sectional conflict intensified, Governor _____ became an ardent secessionist. He prodded the legislature to strengthen the unprepared militia and to make other military preparations. After President Abraham Lincoln's election, ____ called on Georgia to follow South Carolina out of the Union, warning of the dangers of abolition. Was against the Civil War draft, set up a mini-welfare system during war times, and he opposed the army's impressments of goods and especially slave laborers. He frustrated Confederate efforts to seize the Western and Atlantic Railroad and to impose occasional martial law. He bitterly criticized Confederate tax and blockade-running policies. |
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| Served as vice president of the confederacy. Had a part in the compromise of 1850. Also backed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Was against secession until Lincoln became president. He tried to reach a peace agreement with the North, but failed. |
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| 1860 Presidential Election |
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| Abraham Lincoln wins; bars expansion of slavery but keep it where it exists; support free labor; democrats divided between two candidates |
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| supports discontinuation of slavery |
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| seizure by confederate government of private holdings |
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| was a disaster and was a loss for the Confederates. The city was surrounded. Southern survivors were allowed to go home. These soldiers walked all the way home. Many refused to go back to the Confederate army. This really hurt morale. |
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| Chickamauga & Chattanooga Campaigns- |
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| First incursions into GA started in the fall of 1863. Prior to this most fighting in GA was along the coast. It began with the capture of this city. It had a RR that ran directly into Atlanta. |
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| Sherman was to move against the confederate army and then penetrate into the city and capture this place. They wanted to fix confederates into positions. Sherman wanted to attack with one army and to threaten the flank and the RR at the confederate rear. The confederates retreated to Kennesaw. Sherman attacked and fell back to the Chattahoochee River. Confederates were trapped in siege of ______ May-August. Sherman tricked them; seemingly removed his troops from trenches and broke the last RR into the city. Confederates had to abandon the city. |
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| Gen. Joseph E. Johnston withdrew his army to a new, previously selected position. This entrenched arc-shaped protected the Western & Atlantic Railroad, the supply link to Atlanta. Sherman was sure that Johnston had stretched his line too thin and, therefore, decided on a frontal attack with some diversions on the flanks. Sherman sent his troops forward after an artillery bombardment. Sherman suffered high casualties. Confederate victory |
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| the final skirmish in the Atlanta Campaign was fought here south of Atlanta, cutting off the city and forcing the mayor of Atlanta to surrender at Marietta in early September 1864. |
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| led Union army in capture of Georgia |
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| general opposite Sherman in Atlanta Campaign |
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| Confederate general who tried to mount an offensive northward after the fall of Atlanta to cut off the Western and Atlantic and cut off Sherman’s supply line. Sherman pursued him. He tried to recapture Tennessee for the confederate through Northern Alabama. Sherman headed south and cut himself loose from the supply line. |
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| in order to break GA’s morale, Sherman got permission to march his troops south to Savannah. He hoped to cause desertion, to ruin produce, and the RR. Sherman’s troops were divided into 3 columns as they got to central GA. Sherman in 1864 gave Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present. |
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| Georgia Secession Convention of 1861 |
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| represents the pinnacle of the state's political sovereignty. With periodic interruptions, it met in Milledgeville from January 16 to March 23, 1861, and not only voted to secede the state from the Union but also created Georgia's first new constitution since 1798. |
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