-       In 1896, decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court gave it’s approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites. The court upheld the lousiniana law against Plessy saying that facilities did not discriminate as long as they were “separate but equal”. After this, state reacted by passing laws mandating racial segregation in very aspect of southern life, from schools to hospitals, etc. The facilities for blacks were either non existent or markedly inferior. This created an atmosphere of white dominance, where whenever the two came together, whites would have the upper hand.

Standard Oil Company

  was the first trust that started in 1881 by Rockefeller. Trusts were more successful than pools and had profound significance for American Business.  A trust consisted of a Board of Trustee’s that held the shares of multiple companies. This gave a Single director the power to coordinate the affairs for all the other companies. Before we had trusts, forms of business were usually individual Proper-tier-ship, or small partnership. This trust lead to others such as whiskey, and sugar, and caused a lot of corruption in the Big Business movement. So much that Rockefeller along with others were titled Robber barrons, meaing those who wielded power without an accountability in an unregulated marketplace

ØInterstate Commerce Act

o   Interstate commerce Commission

§  public out-cry over the W case put pressure on congress which passed this ACT 1887

§  Charge reasonable and just rates

§  Published record of rates,

§  discontinued rebates for a lot of stuff

o   FIRST Regulatory agency: ICC

§  Lacked the will to follow through, but was a precedent to what was to come.

The Populist Party of 1892 started the Populism movement, in which a third political party was created because many agriculturialists felt that their voice was not being heard. The populists wanted to create a more direct democracy. Things they suggested were direct election of senators, secret ballots for voting,

1. iniatitive and referendum, (giving voters and more direct impact on legislation),
2. graduated tax (the more $$ you make, the more you pay), 
3. unlimited coinage of silver (inflation of crops, de-value of loans)
4. Many say that it was the most vital protest movement to offer a coherent alternative vision for the country.

Trade unions set may 1. For deadline of 8hr days. Deonstrations break out in support for this deadline. Knights of Labor, radicals, and others come together and have a strike. May 4^th police killed. In the end, the anarchists (who were more radical participates were tried, and Hung, jailed,

Hey market greatly damaged the labor movement

 Labor in the publics mind  was equated with radicalism- didn’t seem American….

Jacob Riis- photographer

-immigrant journalist into American – Middle class man,

Drives social reform- Brought out the tremendous gap of the poor and the rich by taking pictures of the slums. The social reform caught the governments eye, and the need to help the impoverished.  

William- 1896- Democratic and Populist canditate for prez.

Free coinage in efforts to raise crop prices, and reduce loans that farmers had. Back then farmers were usually in debt, and got out of debt in time for the next season to start, only to be in debt once more, from buying seeds, and other items for corn. He championed a vision of the fovernment helping ordinary Americans that ainticipated provisions of the New Deal of the 1930s, including a progressivre income tax, banking regulation, and the right of workers to form unions.

Rather than Shift to southern and eastern Europe

most of them catholic or jewish (cultural difference)

as they settled they remained closely knitted communities. Created temporary employments centers

§  they turn to each other for support. (churches, schools)

-Speech by Booker T. Washington in… September 18, 1895, addressed to mainly whites @ a cotton exhibition. Atlanta Compromise was a famous speech delivered by notable African American leader Booker T. Washington.  Booker T. Washington was one of the major contributors for African Americans in the field of education.  The gist of his speech was to establish a more economical opportunity for the blacks, and civil rights will fall in place.  Although many of the people did not agree with the approach of Washington, he was still regarded as one of the greatest African American leaders.

when Roosevelt became president, he felt that it was his obligation to establish order in an unruly world. He became far more active in international diplomacy than most of his predecessors.

-       This document held that the United States had the right to exercise “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

Widespread beliefs in limited government, laissez-faire, and competitive individualism ( you succeed by working hard invidually, all these together are conpnents of social Darwinism. Originated from Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species (1859). (applied more to plants and animals)

ØHerbert Spencer applied Darwin’s ideas to human society. The fittest survive, the weak fail and drop away. Interference in the economic world would tamper with the natural laws of selection. If you tried to help those who were failing, you’re just gonna hinder progress.