Term
|
Definition
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
In 1879, German and Austria-Hungary formed the Dual Alliance - defensive pact that ensured protection from Russian attack and neutrality in the case of another attack.
Italy, fearful of France, joined in 1882
Also known as Central Powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
British government moved to meet the German threat through the construction of super battleships.
This stimulated the Germans to build their own fleet of ships.
HMS Dreadnought 1996.
Naval Race Britain versus Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A German plan based on a strategy developed in 1905 by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen.
called for a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia.
assumed that the Russians weren't able to mobilize quickly, gave them more time to focus their power on France.
The Russians were able to mobilize faster than Germans thought, and Germans were caught off guard.
Germans had to send troops back to Russia.
The plan ended up failing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1901 - 1976)
1927 - published "About the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships"
established the "Uncertainty Principle"
Violated the rule of cause and effect.
objectivity was no longer valid, because observer is always part of the process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1856 - 1939)
Austrian medical doctor.
focused on psychological rather than physiological explanations of mental disorders.
1876-1882 - research with Erneste Bucke
1885 - focused on lecturing
1885-1886 - studied neuropathology and hysteria. worked with Jean - Martin Charcot
1886 - working with Josef Breuer on free association.
eros - sexually / love urge
thanatos - urge to kill
id - ego - superego |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created by President Wilson in January 1918, one year before the Paris Peace Conference
was seen as a basis for an armistice
key recommendations: open agreements of peace, equality of trade conditions, removal of all economic barriers.
secret agreements to distribute territories of the defeated amongst the allies.
lead to the formation of the League of Nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
at the fear of future conflicts, Wilson urged that the it be accepted by every country who had signed a peace treaty.
suffered from fundamental weaknesses that made in unable to enforce its decisions.
it became clear that it couldn't stop the aggression that lead to WWII.
Closed it's doors in 1940
served as a model for the United Nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treaty signed by Russia and Germany on March 3rd, 1918.
ended Russia's involvement in the Great War (WWI)
It gave Germans possession/control over much of Russia's territory.
Gave Germany the chance to focus all their power on the western front |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1883 -1945)
former socialist and later fascist leader of Spain.
emphasized nationalism.
demanded repression of socialists.
1919 - formed the Italian Combat Veteran League.
violent armed fascist squads called Blackshirts who harmed socialists helped gain support from public.
Oct 29th 1922 - Mussolini became prime minister. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1879 - 1955)
theory of special relativity (1905).
first to state that space and time are not absolutes, but are relative to the observer.
fled from Germany twice to escape the Nazis
was part of Manhattan Project, building the Atomic Bomb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1881 - 1973)
early works displayed African influence.
leading proponent of cubism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The first was implemented in 1929 by Stalin in Russia.
targeted an increase in productivity in all spheres of the economy.
emphasized heavy industry (steel and machinery).
Stalin believed they were behind more advanced countries and urged his people to catch up or they would go under. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1869 - 1948).
grew up in a pious yet tolerant Hindu household.
married at the age of 13.
1888 - studied law in London
1893 -went to South Africa - organized Indian community against segregation.
embraced tolerance and nonviolence (ahimsa) and developed passive resistance (satyagraba)
1915 - returned to India - transformed Indian National Congress from elitist institution to mass organization.
political and spiritual leader - Mahatma (great soul)
determined to eradicate caste system.
non-cooperation movement (1920-1922)
civil disobedience movement (1930)
Salt March (1930) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Association dedicated to the struggle against British control.
founded in 1885.
enlisted support from many prominent Hindus and Muslims.
at first, tried to collaborate with British to bring self-rule to India.
Shaped by Gandhi from an elitist body of Anglicized gentlemen into an effective instrument of Indian Nationalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
political compromise offered by the British parliament.
gave India the institutions of a self-governing state.
went into effect in 1937.
allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India.
Created a bicameral (two-chambered) national legislature, and executive arm controlled by British.
proved unworkable because 600 nominally sovereign princes refused to cooperate because Muslims feared the Hindus would dominate the national legislature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
established in 1906 with encouragement from British government.
members worried that Hindu oppression and subjugation of India's Muslim minority might replace British rule.
Muslims already face economic control by Hindus.
Muslims constituted the majority of indebted tenant farmers. Their landlords were mainly Hindus.
Muslims faced economic exploitation by Hindus, this led to calls for a separate nationalist organizations.
Ali Jinnah warned against a unified India and proposed separate states, one Pakistan or "land of the pure". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also known as the Nationalist People's Party.
established in 1923.
by 1926, the Chinese Communist Party made up one-third of their membership.
Soviet advisors helped reorganize this party and the CCP into effective political organizations.
1925 - leadership fell to Jiang Jieshi.
Tried to unify under _____ rule in a military offensive known as Northern Expedition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1895 - 1978).
he spent 15 years in Europe, where he attended the London School of Economics.
He later led Kenya to independence from the British. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made in 1912.
policy of President William Taft.
urged the US to substitute "dollars for bullets" in its foreign policy.
Wanted businesses to develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce and avoid expensive military intervention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Owned 160,000 acres of land in the Caribbean by 1913.
by 1918 US consumers bought 90% of Nicaragua's bananas.
In 1944, advertising executives created a female banana who looked like Carmen Miranda named "Chiquita Banana".
This singing banana created a softer, less threatening image on this neocolonial company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere |
|
Definition
Japanese plan for consolidating East and Southeast Asian under their control during World War I.
Japan requires the regions resources and therefore sought to build "Greater East Asia Sphere". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
German style of rapid attack through the use of armor and air power that was used in Poland, Normany, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from 1939 through 1940.
"Lightning War" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
September 1938.
European politicians consolidated the policy which came to be known as appeasement.
attended by representatives from Italy, France, Great Britain, and Germany.
Revealed how most nations outside the revisionist sphere had decided to deal with territorial expansion by aggressive nations.
Their goal was to keep peace in Europe even if it meant making major concessions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After Germany was defeated in 1945, Germany was split into 4 separate chunks, French, US, British, and Russian were all given a piece.
When allies decided to merge their zones, Russia blocked road, water links from Western Germany (allies) zones.
In response, US and British troops airlifted Western German civilians food and water.
Soviet leadership called off blockade in 1949.
US, France and British formed the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).
Russians formed the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1926) - led a revolutionary movement in Cuba, overthrowing the autocratic leader who sought to maintain friendly relations with the US.
Fidel accepted aid from Russia and began selling their sugar to the Soviets instead of the US.
In 1961, Castro confirmed he was a Marxist-Lenninist supporter of the Soviet Union.
John F. Kennedy authorized an invasion into Cuba and failed, 1500 CIA agents were killed and captured.
Fidel then took in missels into Cuba from the Soviet Union and JFK demanded the missels be removed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1947)
divided the world into "free" (democratic) and "enslaved" (communist).
drew the battle lines for the Cold War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1937)
Japanese forces invade China.
Aerial bombing softens Chinese resistance.
tens of thousands of civilians killed
7,000 women raped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
during 1941, Nazi leadership committed to this of the Jewish question.
entailed the attempted murder of every Jew living in Europe.
At the Wannsee Conference in 1942, Nazi bureaucrats agreed to evacuate all Jews from Europe to camps in in eastern Poland, where they would be worked to death or exterminated.
Rounded up Jews and threw them in railroad cars to be deported, usually suffocated in railway cars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
June 22nd 1941 Hitler orded the initiation of this, invading the Soviet Union.
Germans assembled the largest most powerful force in history, attacking with 3.6 million soldiers, 3,700 tanks, 2,500 planes, and thirty divisions from the governments of Hungary, Finland, and Romania.
Took Stalin and the Red Army off guard, by December, German trooped had reached the gates of Moscow, and assured victory.
Germans underestimated the personnel reserves and industrial capacity.
They also didn't anticipate the coldness of the Russian winter.
Plan ended up failing. |
|
|
Term
| Palestinian Liberation Organization |
|
Definition
PLO (1964).
Ruling party of the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel.
Prime Minister Yitzhak signed peace treaties that limited self-rule in Israeli-occupied territories.
His assassination in 1995 by a Jewish extremist who opposed the peace agreements blocked the peace process and led to the resumption of violence in the region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asian nations that have followed the Japanese model for economic development.
Hong King, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan.
All four nations suffered from a shortage of capital, lacked natural resources, and had to cope with overpopulation.
Later Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia joined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leaders of new African and Asian countries first discussed non-alignment at this conference.
April 1955 - met in Bandung, Indonesia, partly to find a "third path" an alternative to choosing either the U.S. or the Soviet Union.
Stressed the struggle against colonialism and racism.
Primary goal was to maintain formal neutrality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1925 - 1961)
Born in Martinque, West Indies.
Gained fame as an Algerian Revolutionary and influential proponent of national liberation for colonial peoples through violent revolution.
studied psychiatry and medicine.
was head of a hospital's psychiatric department.
urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors to overcome racism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
World Trade Organization.
Lead by U.S. business that wanted international trade to open it to free trade.
1947 - signed (GATT)
general agreement on tariffs and treaties.
23 non communist.
(1994) became ___
153 members that settles trade disputes and the power to enforce decisions.
97% of all world trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
known as "the base" of global terrorist network headed by Osama Bin Laden Saudi Prince.
Backed by U.S. in Afganistan against Soviets by end of Gulf War.
Bin Laden opposes U.S. troops on "holy soil" and calls for Holy War on all non-Muslims, culminating in the bombing of the World Trade Centers on 9/11/01 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1918 - 1970).
Egyptian military leader .
1952 - he arranged a bloodless coup that ended the monarchy of Egypt's King Farouk.
1954 - named himself prime minister of Egypt and took control of the government.
labored assiduously to develop Egypt economically and militarily and made it the fountainhead of pan-Arabian nationalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1890 - 1969).
Vietnam's nationalist communist leader from 1945 - 1969.
One of southeast Asia's most influential communist leaders.
Fought against the French and Japanese and helped oust them from Vietnam.
After their defeat, he took the opportunity to establish himself as leader of the now independent Vietnam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
happened in 1956,
Nasser refused to align himself with both the U.S. and Soviet Union, believed the cold war power politics were a form of imperialism.
dedicated himself to ridding Egypt of imperial interference.
Nationalized the Suez Canal and use the money for internal Egyptian projects.
Didn't break under pressure for multinational control of the canal, and the British, French and Israeli military campaign was successful but they didn't consult with the U.S. which condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1909 - 1972)
Leader of Ghana.
under his control political parties and strategies for mass action took shape.
as leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence from colonial rule, became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
March 1957 - representatives from France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg established the European Economic Community (renamed the European Community in 1967).
the most famous and most strongly integrated regional bloc.
27 nations have submerged much of their national sovereignty in the European Union.
since 1999, 13 members have adopted a common currency. |
|
|
Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
|
Definition
In 1948, the National Assembly of the UN adopted this.
singled out specific human rights violations such as extrajudicial or summary executions, arbitrary arrest and tortue, and slavery or involuntary servitude as well as discrimination on racial, sexual, or religious grounds.
by the late 1980s, human rights had emerged as one of the principal themes of global politics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
The Last stage of the HIV infection.
Spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Medical experts identified this for the first time in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
producer cartel established in 1960 by oil-producing states of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
Sought to raise the price of oil through cooperation, showed cooperation had political as well as economic potential. |
|
|
