1.    Bataan Death March was a forced march of 90,000-100,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Philipines in the Early stages of WWII. On April 9, 1942, they were forced to march 55 miles to San Fernando, then taken by rail to Capas, from where they walked to Camp O’Donnell. They were starved and mistreated, often kicked and beaten on their way, and many who fell were bayoneted. Only 54,000 reached the camp; 7,000-10,000 died on the way and the rest escaped to the jungle. After the war, the Japanese commander of the invasion forces in the Philippines, Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu, was charged with responsibility for the death march and was tried by a U.S. military commission in Manila in January-February 1946. He was convicted and executed on April 3^rd. 

1.    Court Packing Scheme was President FDR’s failed attempt in 1937 to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from 9-15 in order to save his second new deal from constitutional challenges. He proposed that the president be allowed to appoint a new justice for each one who remained on the Court past age seventy (an age that 9 had already surpassed). FDR’s aim, of course, was to change the balance of power on a Court that, he feared, might well invalidate Social Security, the Wagner Act, and other measures of the Second New Deal. 

1.    Flapper is a slang word that was applied in the 1920’s to a “new breed” of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. 

1.    Four freedoms is a formulation of worldwide social and political objectives by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union message he delivered to Congress on Jan. 6, 1941. Roosevelt stated these freedoms to be the freedom of speech and expression, the freedom from fear. Roosevelt called for ensuring the latter through “a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.” 

1.    Grapes of Wrath (1939) is John Steinbeck’s popular novel with a film version that followed shortly after. It focused on the national attention on the plight of homeless migrants displaced[LKH1]  from their farms as a result of the Great Depression. Before the book appeared, Steinbeck had published a series of newspaper articles based on eye-witnesses accounts of the migrants, which became the basis for his novel.

1.    Harlem Renaissance was an African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920’s centered in New York City’s Harlem district; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement. They were befriended and sponsored by white intellectuals and published by white presses. Freed black writers and actors from constraints imposed by white producers[LKH1] .

1.     Hiroshima and Nagasaki: On Aug 6 1945 an American plane dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over Hiroshima, Japan, chosen because it’s the only major city that hadn’t been touched. 280,000 civilians and 40,000 soldiers approx 70,000 died immediately. Because the atomic bombs release deadly radiation the death toll kept rising in the months that followed, by the end of the year it was 140,000. Thousands more perished over the next 5 years. On August 9 1945 U.S. exploded a 2^nd bomb over Nagasaki killing 70,000 people. The same day the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria and within a week Japan surrendered. The significance of this bombing was that it was that it ended WWII and led to the start of the Cold War. 

1.    Japanese Internment Camps was the relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States to camps called “War Relocation Camps” in the wake of Imperial Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese Americans who lived on the West Coast of the United States were all interned while in Hawaii, where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the territory’s population. 1,200-1,800 Japanese Americans were interned. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive Order 9066 issued February 19, 1942 which allowed local military commanders to designate “military areas” as “exclusion zones” from which “any or all persons may be excluded”. The significance of the camps were to keep communications under some control. There was a fear within the public that those of Japanese descent were communicating with Japan to continue attacks on the U.S[LKH1] .

1.    Jazz Age was a movement that took place during the 1920s or the roaring twenties from which music and dance emerged. This era ended in the 1930s with the beginning of The Great Depression but has lived on in American pop culture for decades. Even though the Jazz movement was taken over by the middle class white population it allowed the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with the white middle class society. With the women’s suffrage at its peak in the 1920s and the entrance of the flapper women began to make a statement within society. There was changes in fashion, people weren’t so conservative anymore they dressed more flashy. And the behavior in the 1920s was more promiscuous. Ideas like equality and free sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize during this period[LKH1] .

1)    Lynching is the practice of killing people by extrajudicial mob action that occurred in the United States, mostly in the South, between 1890 and 1940. People (usually black) were accused of a crime and were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynching often took place before large crowds without law enforcement not intervening. They were usually hung or beaten to death in front of onlookers. They went after the blacks who sought to challenge the system or those who refused to accept the demeaning behavior that was a daily feature of southern life[LKH1] .

1)    The Spanish-American War took place because Cuba tried to revolt against Spain and tried to gain their independence from Spain. Cuba revolts against Spanish rule in 1895 and reports of widespread suffering caused by Spanish policy of rounding up civilians and moving them into detention camps, the Cuban struggle won growing support in the United States. Demands for intervention from the U.S. quickly escalated after the Maine battleship in Havana Harbor went down killing nearly 270 lives, President McKinley in April of 1898 asked Congress for declaration of War. The purpose was to aid Cuban patriots in their struggle for “liberty and freedom” and the U.S. had no intention of annexing or dominating the island. This war was called “The Splendid Little War” because it only lasted 10 weeks (except in Philippines) and resulted in fewer than 400 American combat deaths. Cuba became allegedly independent and U.S. acquired Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico[LKH1] .

1)    Muckrackers was an expression given by Teddy Roosevelt to writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor and more primarily in first decade of 20^th century their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform. Lewis Hine photographed child laborers to draw attention to the persistent social inequality, The Shame of the Cities, published as a series in McClure’s Magazine in 1901-1902, by Lincoln Steffens showed how party bosses and business leaders profited from political corruption. McClure’s  also hired Ida Tarbell to expose the arrogance and economic machinations of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. The most influential novel was Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) who exposed the unsanitary slaughterhouses and sale of rotten meat and stirred public outrage and it led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906[LKH1] .

1)    The Triangle Fire happened in a factory in 1911 in New York City that killed 146 garment workers, most of who were women. Most women could not escape because the managers would lock the doors to the stairwells and exits to keep the workers from stealing linen from the factory. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union which fought for better and safer working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry[LKH1] .

1)    Populist Party formed in 1891 and was in response to economic problems, tariff and silver issues. The problems were the falling prices, bad harvests, rising mortgages and the railroad rates. The Farmers’ Alliance was formed and it’s goal was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after US Civil War. The Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collectively groups of individual farmers. Movement was strongest in the south and despite it’s failure it is regarded as precursor to U.S. Populist Party. The Ocala demands of 1890 were governments crop purchase, end tariffs and national bank, free silver, direct Senate elections, federal income tax, railroad regulation[LKH1] .

1)    Jim Crow Laws in the south was a system of legal segregation established in the 1870’s-90’s and persisted until 1950’s. Freedman was forced to chose and employer and sign binding contracts. Blacks are forbidden to “insult” whites, marry whites, challenge the word of whites in court, hold office and certain jobs. Voting rights were also restricted through poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses[LKH1] .

1)    Plessy vs. Ferguson was a suing in 1890 based on and the 13^th and 14^th Amendments-protesting segregated railroad cars. It established “separate but equal” in South. Had 7:1 ruling against Plessy, court ruled law reasonable based on “accepted customs”, Plessy’s ruling created legal justification for segregated South and proved minorities were largely invisible in Gilded Age Politics[LKH1] .

1)    Boss Tweed, William Marcy Tweed, was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the[LKH1]  Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19^th century New York. He forged close ties with railroad men and labor unions, and he won support from the city’s immigrant poor by fashioning a kind of private welfare system that provided food, fuel, and jobs in hard times. He was popular among the city’s poor, who considered him an urban Robin Hood. He started the spoils system, which gave persons loyal to the party of the president federal government jobs to keep them interested in the party. He was New York’s political boss and became corrupted. Won support from city’s immigrant poor by private welfare system that provided food, fuel and jobs in hard times[LKH2] .

Russian Revolution is a collective term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The first revolution of Feb 1917 the Tsar was deposed and replaced by a Czarist government of Nicholas II. He collapsed in March 1917 and the government falls to Duma. Duma doomed by refusal to end war, Bolsheviks seize control and from 1917-1918 they took over Russia and the royal family was killed. The Treaty of Brest-Litovst took Russia out of the war. [LKH1] 

1)    Margaret Sanger was one of 11 children of an Irish-American working class family, placed the issue of birth control. In 1911, she began a column on sex education, “What Every Girl should know” for The Call, a New York socialist newspaper. By 1914, Sanger was openly advertising birth-control devices in her own journal. In 1916 she open a clinic in a working class neighborhood of Brooklyn and began distributing contraceptive devices to poor Jewish and Italian women, an action she was sentenced a month in prison. The Birth control issue became a crossroads where the paths of labor radicals, cultural modernists, and feminists intersected[LKH1] .

1)     Haymarket Riot was violence during an anarchist protest at the Haymarket Square in Chicago. On May 3 1886 four strikers were killed by police when they attempted to prevent strikebreakers from entering a[LKH1]  factory. The next day a rally was held in the Haymarket square to protest the killings. Near end of speech a bomb was thrown killing a policeman, this panicked the policemen and they opened fire and killed innocent bystanders and a number of their own force. Seven of the eight anarchist men who were charged for the plotting of the bomb were foreign born- 6 Germans and an English immigrant. Four were hanged, one committee suicide and the other 3 were imprisoned until they were commuted their sentences in 1893. The significance of this affair was international May Day observances for workers[LKH2] .

Ku Klux Klan was an organization in the South. Founded in 1866 in Tennessee and this Klan was a terrorist organization. It quickly spread throughout southern states being led by planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians and they committed some of the most brutal criminal acts in American History. The Klan’s victims included white Republicans, among them wartime Unionists and local officeholders, teachers and party organizers. The African Americans were the ones who bore the brunt of the violence, especially the ones who voted during Reconstruction. There was only 30,000 federal agents to protect 4.5 million former slaves. The bloodiest act of violence during the Reconstruction took place in Colfax, Louisiana in 1873 where armed whites assaulted the town with a small cannon killing hundreds of former slaves, including 50 members of a black militia unit after they had surrendered. In 1870-71 Congress adopted 3 enforcement Acts outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them. President Grant dispatched federal marshals, backed up by troops in some areas to arrest hundreds of accused Klansmen. Many of the Klan leaders fled the south and after a series of well-publicized trials, the Klan went out of existence[LKH1] .

      I.   Baby Boom happened at the end of WWII and after a lot of women lost their jobs they had nothing better to do. Films, TV shows, and advertisements portrayed marriage as the most important goal of American woman. During the 1950’s men and women reaffirmed the virtues of family life. People married younger (at an average age of 22 for men and 20 for women) divorced less frequently than in the past, and had more children (3.2) per family. Lasted into mid-1960’s, at the time of low immigration, the American population rose by nearly 30 million (almost 20%) during the 1950’s. Arose mostly because of the large number of births, but it also reflected the fact that Americans now lived longer than in the past, thanks to the availability of “miracle drugs” like penicillin that had been developed during WWII to combat bacterial infections. 

      I.   The AIDS Epidemic is a fatal disease spread by sexual contact, drug use and transfusions of contaminated blood. The first cases came in the late 1970’s. the first victims were the 4 H’s: homosexuals, hookers, homeless people, Heroin users It quickly became an epidemic among homosexual men. Gay movement mobilized to promote “safe sex” to prevent discrimination against people suffering from AIDS, and press federal government to devote greater resources to fighting the disease. It spun out of control because the U.S. denied that this was happening for the longest time and the U.S. didn’t push to find treatment or a cure. When the U.S. realized it was happening, it was already to late. Even the blood supply from Red Cross was infected with the disease, and they too denied that they had made a mistake in passing AIDS to other people[LKH1] .

      I.   Bay of Pigs Invasion happened in 1961 till 1962. The plan was made by Ike but carried out in 1961 by JFK. When Castro’s[LKH1]  government began nationalizing American landholdings and other investments and signed an agreement to sell sugar to the Soviet Union, the Eisenhower administration suspended trade with the island. After the trade was suspended the CIA began training anti-Castro exiles for an invasion of Cuba. Hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro, in April 1961 the CIA launched their invasion and sent 1,400 Cuban Exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961 but the mission was a spectacular failure. Over 1,100 were captured and 100 killed. This was the worst decision JFK made. It scared Castro into the arms of the Soviet. JFK lost a lot of supporters after his failure.

      I.   Berlin Airlift was built to stop flow of refugees to West[LKH1]  Germany in 1961. The Berlin Blockade which was one of the first major international crisis of the Cold War and the first resulting in casualities. During the multinational occupation of post-WWII Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. This introduced the Berlin Airlift, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift which carried supplies to the people in West Berlin. The United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force and the recently formed U.S. Air Force flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing 13,000 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the Berliners. The success of the Berlin Airlift brought humiliation to the Soviets who had refused to believe it could make a difference. The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German States, Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

      I.   Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students[LKH1]  unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court unanimous (9-0) decision stated that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14^th Amendment of the United States Constitution[LKH2] . This ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.

      I.   Camp David Accords, “Framework for Peace in the Middle East”, are agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on Sept 17, 1978 that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbors. The agreements became known as the Camp David Accords because the negotiations took place at the U.S. Presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland. The official agreement was signed on Mar 26, 1979 in Washington, D.C. by Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat, with U.S. President Jimmy Carter signing as a witness. Under the pact, which was denounced by other Arab States, Israel agreed to return the Sinai to Egpyt, which was completed in 1982. They also agreed to negotiate Palestinian autonomy measures in the Israeli-occupied WestBank and Gaza strip[LKH1] .

      I.   Freedom Riders were civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (of 1960). The first freedom ride left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961 and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. Five years prior to the Boynton ruling, the Interstate Commerce Commission had issued a ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company that had explicitly denounced the Plessy V. Ferguson doctrine of separate but equal in interstate bus travel, but the ICC had failed to enforce its own ruling, and thus Jim Crow travel laws remained in force throughout the South. The Freedom Riders set out to challenge this status quo by riding various forms of public transportation in the south to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation. The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights movement and called national attention to the violent disregard for the law that was used to enforce segregation in the southern United States. Riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses[LKH1] .

      I.   Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist, mother, and feminist. A leading figure in the “Second Wave” of the U.S. Women’s Movement, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is sometimes credited with sparking the “second wave” of feminism. Friedan cofounded National Organization for Women in 1966 which aimed to bring women into full equal partnership with men. In 1970 after stepping down as NOW’s first president in 1969, Friedan organized the nation-wide Women’s Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50^th anniversary of the 19^th amendment to the U.S. Constitution granting women the right to vote.  The New York City march alone attracted over 50,000 women. 

      I.   The G.I. Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, P.L. 78-346, 58 Stat. 284m) was an omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.

       I.   Glasnost was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s. The word was frequently used by Gorbachev to specify the policies he believed might help reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, and moderate the abuse of administrative power in the Central Committee. Russian human rights activist and dissident Lyudmila Alexeyeva explained glasnost as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open."

       I.   Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but differed sharply in types of programs enacted.