-means "ascent" in Hebrew

-return of the Jews to Palestine

-first 2 before WWI, 5th and last was caused by Nazism in the 1930s

-Mufti of Jerusalem

-Chief Islamic legal and religious authority in Palestine during 1920s to 1930s

-Very opposed to the immigration of Jews

-formed in 1930, dominated Israeli politics until 1977

-key leader: David Ben-Gurion

-inspired by the Histadrut, the Federation of Jewish Labor

-representative of the socialist egalitarian ideal

-means "defense" in Hebrew -founded in 1909

-Jewish paramilitary organization created to protect Jewish settlements

-came to prominence in 1920s to 1930s

-played a critical role in the founding of the state of Israel

-founded in 1931

-splinter group of the Haganah, a real terrorist group

-murdered the British Minister of State for the Middle East Lord Moyne in 1944

-Attacked King David Hotel in 1946

-1940s to 1950s

-created Lake Nasser

-provided large fishing industry, 80% of Egypt's electricity, more land for crops

-negative environmental impact because no more annual flooding

-1940s

-founded to preserve nationalist aspirations

-originally headquartered in Egypt

-denied any member state from going to war against another member state

-1960s

-founded by the Arab League under inspiration of Nasser 

-goal: destruction of the state of Israel

-umbrella term for a number of Palestinian organizations

-led by Arafat from 1968 on

-1967

-in response to the 6 day war

-demanded that Israel withdraw its forces from the occupied territories

-in reaction to its loss in the 6 Day War, closed off the Suez canal

-14 ships remained trapped in the canal for 8 years

-1967 to 1975

-succeeded Nasser after his death in 1970

-initiated Yom Kippur War with Israel in 1973

-moved away from repressive aspect's of Nasser's regime

-assassinated for his part in the Camp David Accords in 1981

-Israel's first female Prime Minister

-Prime Minister at the time of the Yom Kippur War (1970s)

-ordered Operation Wrath of God, punishment for the Black September terrorists

-one of two females to sign the Declaration of the State of Israel in 1948

-founded the Likud Party, ended the Mapai Labor Party's rule in 1970s

-became Israel's 6th Prime Minister

-representative of Israel in Camp David Meetings in 1978

-won Nobel Peace Prize

-1947

-partition of one Arab state & one Jewish state

-Jerusalem was to be an international city

-1948 to 1949

-result of Israel's declaration of independence in 1948

-Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon attacked

-Israel won

-Jordan ruled West Bank & East Jerusalem

-grandson of King Abdullah

-ruler of Jordan after grandfather's assassination in 1951

-had a western outlook

-became the longest surviving Arab head of state

-1956

-a reaction to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal

-Israel invaded Egyptian Sinai Peninsula & Gaza in a secret plan with Britain & France

-attack was condemned by both US & USSR

-military defeat, but political victory for Nasser because he still had the Suez Canal in the end

-1950

-guaranteed the right of every Jew to enter Israel and become a citizen immediately

-perpetuated Jewish immigration

-of the Mapai Party

-proclaimed the independence of Israel in 1948

-became Israel's first Prime Minister 

-led Israel in the First Arab-Israeli War

-1967

-spurred by conflict over water between Israel & Jordan + Syria

-Egypt blockaded the Straits of Tiran

-Israel defeated Egypt, Syria, & Jordan

-gained Jerusalem, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula

-Israeli Defense Minister during 6 Day War

-had total control of West Bank & Gaza

-hardliner on the conquered territories

-1970

-PLO

-September 1, failed assassination attempt on King Hussein of Jordan

-September 6, hijacking of 3 planes

-1972

-9 members of Israeli team taken hostage by PLO for release of Palestinians in Israeli jails

-Israel refused, 11 Israeli athletes & coaches killed

-1973

-Egypt under Sadat allied with Syria attacked Israel for not complying with UN Resolution 242

-Israeli victory with US aid

-1980s

-two branches of opposition to denial of Kurdish rights: Communist & Islamist

-had radical, militant approach to establish an independent Marxist state

-1993

-peace treaty signed on the White House lawn 

-between Arafat & Israeli Prime Minister Rabin

-called for mutual recognition of PLO & Israel, Israeli withdrawal from Gaza & West Bank with 3 zones

-signed Oslo Accords in 1993

-first Prime Minister to have been born in Israel

-joined Haganah in 1940s

-became an ambassador to USA

-assassinated at peace rally in 1995 by Orthodox Jew