• general in western theater
• commanded until 1864, then lincoln took control of military operations
• indecisive, slow, didn't take responsibility of actions

• 1862, secretary of state
• lawyer, knew lincoln before becoming secretary
• at first they didn't like each other but grew to have a mutual respect

• trained at west point, was in mexican war, secretary of war in 185
• confederate president
• too confident in military strategies and resisted advice

• three sections throughout the south with a different leader over each theater
• good plan but not carried out well; all of the leaders failed to work well with each other

• ARK, LA, TX
• led by General Kirby Smith
• (Didn’t work out very well Smith was too isolated and viewed himself as being all-mighty) 

• TN, FL, GA led by General Joseph Johnston
• Johnson didn't get along well with J. Davis; didn't respect authority of each other

• South: refused black volunteers into army
• North: many leaders argued for black volunteers(Douglas and Sumner) By 1861 Lincoln worried if they changed role of war he’d lose political approval and worried about border states 

• Working class in North opposed to Emancipation Proclamation because they were worried about their jobs and wages going down 
•  opinions begin to change when they see how brutal slaves were treated up close.
• July: Lincoln reads Emancipation to Cabinet and told the timing was not right because the morale was down due to military upsets and would look like a desperate political attempt

• South: needed them on farms to produce food, manufacturingslaves also worked in military as drivers, manual laborers, and cooks 
• North: Served as cooks, manual laborers 
• CONTRABAND were what they called runaway slaves who made it to Union Lines, term coined by General Ben. Butler

• March 1862, prohibited Union Generals to return runaway slaves (previously they were told to return them)
•  Shows Congress moving ahead of Lincoln on issue of slavery

• July 1862, Slaves of supporters of the rebellion were to be “forever free of their servitude, and not again to be held as slaves” 
• Very unclear and had no big impact
• shows Congress moving ahead of Lincoln on issue of Slavery and that he needs to make a stand on slavery

• March 1862, Lincoln's gradual plan-Free over 40yr plan and owners would be compensated. 
• Ex-slaves would be colonized overseas
• KY leaders pissed because Lincoln promised he wouldn’t touch slaves
• After Antietam Lincoln announces that all slaves would be free if Rebellion wasn’t over by Jan. 1863
• Does this on basis of War Powers- Commander in Chief had authority because it undercut War effort

• Lincoln allows blacks in War- 1863, 1st black units Commanded by white officer (Shaw) 
• Knew theyd be watched carefully so Shaw made sure they were trained very well….
• Fort Wagner July 1863, Union was trying to capture SC and in battle Shaw and half of regiment were killed
• They performed magnificently and their lines didn’t break
•  Shows that black soldiers could fight just as well as whites

• December 13, 1862
• disaster for Union, Burnside led Union and had no military chops. All day their was a frontal assault on Lee’s dug in positions. 
• Marye’s Heights: Confederate dug in behind stonewall which destroyed Union
•  Raised southern morale and confidence in Lee
• Burnside was fired

• May 1-5, 1863, Hooker takes over Army of Potomac (union) and had greater numbers and a good plan
• Lee was around Fredericksburg in April and Hooker planned to split his army and attack from 2 sides
•  In Late April this works perfectly, but Lee has time to respond and attacks Hooker and Chancellorsville
• This was not in Hooker’s plan and he freezes
• Lee and Jackson decide to launch flank attack destroying Hooker
• Hooker withdraws May 6^th and Union looses 19,000 men

• Happens in North: Democrats see war changes and begin opposing war by political songs
• South: no organization in political parties, see individual states having honor and virtue

1. monetary policy
2. direct taxation
3. emancipation
4. conscription

• Legal Tender Act of 1861 allowed banks to issue money not backed by gold
• now backed by GREENBACKS, which caused prices to double and gave federal government control over money

• Govt directly taxed people income tax on salary which was very controversial

• draws back to Dred Scott case, which stated that gov't didn't have power to outlaw rights of slave owners
• lincoln felt that he had every right to take away property (slaves) to put downt he rebellion under his war time powers
• northern democrats worried about lincoln's authority over congress and gov't, jobs, and economy

• drafting with a quota per region
• Lincoln said it was a necessity
• Democrats said he didn’t have power to do this, but Congress sided with Lincoln
• Even after War all these powers stay in tact

• War causing industrialization In North and South bc of material needs of both armies
• North: Huge numbers of weapons, food, ships, clothes, owners making huge profits and Tycoons start emerging (Rockefeller) --> Causes Class Tensions 
• South: not as much industrialization because they had the war actually fought on their land

• Mostly behind lines bc they had to keep family and household running, did work in factories and nursing
• North: very organized with lots of Nurses
• Dorthea Dix- superintendent of all nurses who originally thought war would be short so she only hired ugly nurses and then realized it wouldn’t and took anyone she could
•  Turns into Battle between sexes because men belittles women’s work saying it comes natural to them. Women felt they were being questioned about their place

• At this time in the Confederacy  there were many shortages and inflation and Western Theater not doing too well
•  In April 1862, women threw rocks in stores and Davis finally shows up and threw money at them and told them to go home or troops would be sent. 
• people were pissed at Davis because he had made exceptions for friends and family by placing them into positions they weren’t qualified for
•  This also shows problems with morale and war and the Conscription act soon was put into place

• showed signs of issues holding soldiers in ranks and issue of volunteering so initiated the draft, but within it was the 20-negro law that caused class tensions
• South: in response start desserting the South “react with their feet” in response davis wanted more Executive powers, stronger central government

• July 10-17 1863, Casualty list from Gettysburg being printed in NYC and volunteers are stopping 
• ENROLLMENT ACT OF 1863: Draft and Section 5 gave US Provost Marshall powers to suppress internal dissent (could hold people in content) 
• To avoid draft  they could find or hire substitute or pay 300 dollars
• this caused class tensions, Lincoln was worried about black market rates for substitutes so that’s why they charged 300

• 1863, Lincoln worried about International Help for South. 
• In 1861 GB claimed to be neutral, but economy was hurting because of their dependence on Southern cotton. 
• During Lees invasion of MD, GB almost recognized the south as an independent nation but Gettysburg changes that

• Lee felt invincible after Chancellorsville.
•  Summer of 63’, Vicksburg under siege by Grant (70,000) and Pembleton (30,000) 
• Grant had decided to break away from supply line and live off land previous to attack. 
• He attacks Civilian land and army which pissed off South 

• Army of Potomac has new general, Meade- orders army to Gettysburg because of road network (ironically north comes from South and South comes from North) 
• 1^st day North retreats to hills south of Town. July 1^st fishhook lines, but Lee arrives in midst of action and wants to attack on second day.
•  2^nd day lee attacks but Union still able to Hold on. 
• 3^rd Day Lee orders General Pickett to attack Central Flanks, it is a disaster because artillery picks them off within 15mins.
•  Lee retreats
• bloodiest battle (most casualties)

• Provose Marshall begins enforcing draft on July 10^th, 1863 knocking on doors to gather people. 
• Over weekend news spreads that draft is being enforced especially with immigrants. 
• On the 13^th and 14^th Irish Immigrants don’t go to work and begin rioting. Mobs begin to target blacks and riots get worse. 
• 15^th Lynching of a coachman takes place
•  Lincoln decided he has to send in troops and they fire on the mob, killing 105. 
• Lincoln realizes that the problems that started the riots are still there, casualties, racism, and war. Question became who would look after the Free Blacks?

• Reconstruction plan in Louisiana.  
• By 1863 & 64, LA in control by federal hands. 
• Slaves had ran to Union Lines in 63 because they thought theyd be permanetly free. 
• BY '64 slavery was gone in area and were trying to rejoin the Union. 
• Held LA’s Constitutional Convention where they made a new constitution that abolished slavery. Question became what rights would blacks be given. 
• New Orleans was home to free black community and people looked there to see if blacks would get fair treatment.  

10% plan

• Goals: Begin reunification of nation, End Slavery and integrate them into society, turn the Rep. party into national party
•  Deep divisions within party about what to do with Ex-slaves
• Plan was gradual and all a state had to do was get 10% of state to take loyalty oath to Union and have convention to petition to come back into Union. 
• Wanted to establish a Republican party in South
• Lincoln feared democrats would reunite and lose policies that he had created

• Grant appointed in March 1864 and agreed with Lincoln that communication needed to be improved
•  VA Theater: Meade would be in charge of Army of Potomac, Sigel was in charge if Shenandoah Valley, Buttler was in charge of Fort Monroe
•  Grant told them to destroy Conf. Troops was primary objective and that capturing territory was secondary

• Army of Potomac (march 1864) had 110,000 men. 
• Grant advised Meade because he didn’t want to just sit at a desk. 
• Aim was to get through territory south of river which was known as the Wilderness then get to the open fields south of Richmond. 
• Lee decides to surprise attack in the “battle of Wilderness” May 5^th was complete chaos in the woods, very confusing lots of fired. 
• May 6^th looked like South would win, but when Longstreet attacks he gets shot which takes steam away. South Still wins but barely and both suffer extreme casualties.
•  Lee expects Grant to retreat, but Grant is not like previous commanders and instead moves men SE closer to Richmond, Spotslyvannia Court House. 
• Battle of Spotsylvania which are many battles in one (may 8-21^st) Bloody angle- may12ths and is the most savage malloy, Grant had superior numbers but Lee helpd on. 
• Grant still does not retreat and heads East toward Cold harbor
•  Everyone wanted war to be over. 
• Cold Harbor- June 3 was a frontal assault by Grant and many soliders believed theyd die…first time Grant admits mistake. 
• Grants tricks lee and crosses the James R and heads to Petersburg. Hes hoping this would force lee out of Richmond. He knew Petersburg was lightly guarded. 
• Grant had advantage but attacks so uncoordinated that thye couldn’t push through= allows Lee to head towards them. 
• Total losses for Overland Army of Potomax= 53,000 and Army of Va= 29,000

• Siegal Headed South, but confronted and that’s known as Battle of New market. 
• VMI close by and 257 Cadets used against Union charge the center, many cadets die, but they performed well
•  Fed offensive comes to an end

• (Petersburg) June of 64 Grant is at a Stalemate and valley Confederates getting closer to DC. 
• July Union attacks first and devised a plan where they built a tunnel with TNT and planned to blast the Confederate Lines.
•  Black divisions go first and do great, but the white ones go through the crater and get trapped.
• Saddest moment for Grant

• confederate jail in GA with 10k union soldiers
• 1864, grant and lincoln end POWs
• summer of '64 there are 45k in the jail without sufficient food and medicine
• 14k died
• political issue: north shocked by horrendous conditions that could be prevented
• contributed to lincoln winning reelection

• mid-november 1864
• 70k leave ATL to savannah to destroy CSA resources and leave them defenseless
• there was little CSA resistance
• General Hood was supposed to be protecting savannah, but he had left for Nashvile with 40k to the USA supply depot
• Sherman broke up railroads and killed livestock then headed to SC to get closer to Lee at richmond

• march 31- april 1, 1865
• grant captured lee's communucation center
• pickett in charge, but away at fish fry
• USA attacks and Grant orders major attack on petersburg

• all black division in Carolinas
• 1861- nobody expected blacks to provide service for union army
• 20 to 30k in navy, 100k in the army
• battle of nashville: 2 black divisions broke Hood's army on flank
• emancipation wasnt a gift and they felt like they had ot fight for it
• advancement for being veterans: political roles after war
• full citizenship and entitled to legal rights

• 1.2 million soldiers, most were veterans with good officers and generals
• northern economy provided endless supplies, these resources overwhelmed the south
• lincoln maintained political support throughout war even though there was political opposition, this kept interest high in lincoln because he would make speeches to define meaning of war and sold war to the public
• forced republican war to stay unifed

• wade-davis bill to immediately end slavery
• overwhelming support by african americans when visited richmond
• gave a speech reconstruction in richmond
• assassination by john wilkes booth
• lincoln seen as a martyr
• andrew johnson was his successor

1. renounce secession
2. admit slavery was dead by ratifying the 13th ammendment
3. loyalty oath to gain votiong rights

-radicals were furious with Johnson's plan but had to wait until december when congress reconviened to do anything about it

revised peace terms for rejoining union:

1. can't enforce laws that restrict priveleges for citizens; equal protection laws
2. if someone can't vote, then they don't count in population count for house/senate seats and presidential electors

• spring 1867

1. placed south under military rule; 5 districts to enforce federal laws
2. numerous ex-confeds lose the right to vote
3. ex-slaves given right to vote
4. readmission to union with passage of 14th ammendment

no discussion of land redistribution b/c of individual property rights

• prevalent gov't prescence
• agency that helped exslaves transition from bondage to freedom
• main concern was integrating into mainstream society
• agents tried to get blacks to understand the "free labor ideology" where any man could succeed if able to contract his labor and enjoy the fruits of his labor
• blacks needed economic ambition to work hard and climb the class/wealth ladder
• didn't want a rush of blacks to the north to upset job market and economy

• under the Tenure of Office act, 1867, president needed permission to fire anyone from his cabinet
• fires stanton anyway; congress impeaches him and the H of R hold a trial
• short one vote of majority b/c they didn't want Sen. Ben Wade to become president

• stop black political participation; created over suffrage and them holding positions.  
• It was created in 1866, by TE Confederate veterans who were dedicated to overthrowing Rep govt.
•  Initially KKK was  supposed to be a social club after 1867’s passing of reconstruction it led to white superiority and reinstalling the old social class. Its goal was to shut down biracial govts and attacked blacks and whites. 
• Spread to every state but did not have any order.  
• After many deaths Grant finally put a stop to it in early 1870s by the 14^th and 15^th amendment, but the political damage was already done. 
• Many blacks scared to vote and whites don’t want to work with blacks because they were scared theyd be targeted
•  Leads to redemption which is the process of Democrats being swept back into office
• Christ redeemed mankind, Dem were saving South from sin of Radical Reconstruction
• 1886 Democrats in charge

1865-67, Freedman Bureau, Schools, getting blacks onto their feet

• Post '67- Exslaves trying to politically get involved
• This is only seen in America because of the way Americans articulated “freedom and equality” 
• AA saw themselves as Americans, they were born here and most ancestors born here as well
• One of the reasons they were so against colonization.

• All blacks joined Union Leagues in late 1860s. During war these were secret organizations with in the confederacy after war it spread to Republican Party
• This was a stunning change in political process. FIrst time AA holding office at State and National Levels
• 600 held positions, most of the AA were from elite section and were free before war.
• Examples: Senator Blanche K. Bruce and Governor PBS Pinchback (only for 4-5 weeks)

• All of the 600 were generally unfamiliar with political techniques and whites often took advantage, but overall they performed well. 

1. Higher taxes- but there was a real need for this and it expanded govt services

2. Expansion of State govt services- new hospitals, orphanages, insane asylums

3. Expansion of state govt responsibilities- medical care, legal counsel

4. New public Schools- rep saw school as govt responsibility because of high illiteracy

-led to political revolution because South being pushed to hard and the fragility of the Rep Power began to show

only 2 states (SC and Miss) AA had the majority of votes which meant in order for the Rep to stay in power they needed to attract a certain percent of white rep  

Carpet baggers- outsiders; not born in South but come after war. Most we associated with war effort, some corruption but mostly honest  

Scalawags:  born in South but after War they abandoned Dem party and joined Republicans…Longstreet was an example, grant appointed him to exectutive office

-Racism still in part, may be willing to work together but saw the blacks beneath them which made the party fragile and vulnerable The party also had different ideological differences “confiscation radicals vs Moderate Radicals

a part of the Republican party that wanted land redistribution for blacks.

Part of republican party and wanted to economically transform South= Railroads, factories, and mines

• race war/ Memphis: May 1866, confrontation from police which lasted 3 days ( Black soldiers interfered) 
• On last day of riot large mob invaded burning homes and shooting whites on the streets and raping women
• led tothe rise of the KKK

• carnegie-steel
• vanderbilt-RR and steam ships
• armour- meat packing
• rockefeller-oil and petroleum
• all were politically influential and backed the Rep party financially, helped pass legislation to aid big business

1. homestead act of 1862- free land in midwest; created new markets
2. morril Act, 1861- raised high protective tariffs

led to economic growth, especially in Railroads

• over-production, economic contraction
• banks go under and hurt investors and depositors
• unemployment rises with downsizing companies
• led to emergence of tramps and overcrowding issues

• 1870s, newpapers return to prewar stereotypes
• rise in racism in the north
• the prostrate state- SC, blacks were unfit for public office, couldn't govern themselves, not ready to be equals