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| Immigration and Nationality Act, 1965 |
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Definition
| This abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States. Over the next four decades, the policies put into effect in 1965 would greatly change the demographic makeup of the American population |
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| Pew Religious Landscape Survey, 2014 |
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Definition
| Survey conducted to identify the religious beliefs of Americans. 42% of Americans have switched religions. 13% are former catholic. Rise in unaffiliated population from 16.1% to 22.8%. Decline in Mainline beliefs. Generational replacement. |
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| Cosmogony is the study of the origin of the universe. Creation myths, which deal with the creation of the universe, are cosmogonies. |
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| The branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe, with its parts, elements, and laws, and especially with such of its characteristics as space, time, causality, and freedom. (How the world works) |
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| A Canadian Indian group living in eastern Canada. Religiously cosmogonic society with high regards to the figures Gisoolg (creator), Nisgam (sun), and Ootsitgamoo (earth). Glooscap was the original man who was created by lightening. Nagami is considered the grandmother of Glooscap. |
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| Are modern and old communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States. They live with high regards to the thought women, mother of the corn clan, mother of the sun, they have highly cosmogonic beliefs. They were also being highly pressured by the Franciscans to convert to christianity. |
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| People and groups (religious orders) who adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of St Francis of Assisi and of his main associates and followers, such as St Clare of Assisi, St Anthony of Padua, and St Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. |
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| Inside chief / Outside chief / Medicine man |
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Definition
| Marginalized indigenous religious authority among the pueblo and other tribes. The inside chief dealt with the internal issues and quarrels of each tribe. The outside chief dealt primarily with war and outside conflict. The medicine man gave remedies to the people in attempts to protect them from disease. |
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| Bartolome de las Casas (1484 – 1566) |
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| Spanish Dominican friar who became famous (or infamous, depending on your point of view) for his defense of the rights of the native people of the Americas. His brave stand against the horrors of the conquest and the colonization of the New World earned him the title “Defender of the Indians.” |
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| After three generations of oppression, in the spring of 1680, the Pueblo Indians rose up to overthrow the Spanish. A religious leader from Taos Pueblo named Popay secretly organized a widespread rebellion to occur throughout the region on a single day. Planning took shape silently during the summer of 1680 in more than 70 communities, from Santa Fe and Taos in the Rio Grande valley to the Hopi pueblos nearly 300 miles west. On the night of August 10, 1680, Indians in more than two dozen pueblos simultaneously attacked the Spanish authorities. A force of 2,500 Indian warriors sacked and burned the colonial headquarters in Santa Fe. By the time the revolt succeeded, Indian fighters had killed more than 400 Spanish soldiers and civilians (including two-thirds of the Catholic priests in the region) and had driven the surviving Europeans back to El Paso. |
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| French mission which lasted 25 years. Began in 1615, their goal was to convert and civilize the micmacs and others towards the french ways. |
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| a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America. Typically such people enter a trance state during a ritual, and practice divination and healing. |
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| A missionary organization–receives its charter from Pope Paul III. The Jesuit order played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. (Jesuits 1640) Modeling christian behavior. |
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| Jean de Brebeuf (1593 – 1649) |
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| was a French Jesuit missionary who travelled to New France (Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the Huron for the rest of his life, except for a few years in France from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture. |
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| Alexander Whitaker (1585-1616) |
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| English Christian theologian who settled in North America in Virginia Colony in 1611 and established two churches near the Jamestown colony, and was known as "The Apostle of Virginia" by contemporaries.Born in Cambridge, he was the son of William Whitaker (1548–1595), noted Protestant scholar and Master of St. John's College, Cambridge. Whitaker was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and became a clergyman in the North of England |
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| Known as "The Indian Apostle". He was a Cambrige Graduate and Puritain. Called to pastor a church in Roxbury, MBC around 1631. Became interested in christianizing the Natives. translated bible into Algonquian. Established "Praying towns. Most Praying towns were wiped out in King Philips war (1674-1675). |
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| Developed by the Puritans of New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity. The Natives who moved into these towns were known as Praying Indians. |
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| a varied group of religious reformers who emerged within the Church of England during the middle of the sixteenth century. They shared a common Calvinist theology and common criticisms of the Anglican Church and English society and government. |
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| This group disagreed among themselves about how much further Reformation was necessary. Those who thought that the Church of England was so corrupt that true Christians should separate from it altogether are known as "separating Puritans" or simply "Separatists". |
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| Most Puritans were "non-separating Puritans", meaning they did not advocate setting up separate congregations distinct from the Church of England; a small minority of Puritans were "separating Puritans" who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church. |
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| John Winthrop (1588-1649) |
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| Wrote and delivered the lay sermon that would be called A Modell of Christian Charity either before the 1630 crossing to North America or while en route.[119] It described the ideas and plans to keep the Puritan society strong in faith as well as the struggles that they would have to overcome in the New World. He used the phrase "city upon a hill" (derived from the Bible's Sermon on the Mount: "You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden") to characterize the colonists' endeavour as part of a special pact with God to create a holy community.[120] He encouraged the colonists to "bear one another's burdens", and to view themselves as a "Company of Christ, bound together by Love." |
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| Anne Hutchinson (1591 – 1643) |
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Definition
| A Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters. |
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| Mary Dyer (ca. 1611 – 1660) |
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Definition
| She and her husband emigrated to Massachusetts in 1635, then moved to Rhode Island. After becoming a Quaker, she was persecuted for her faith and warned to keep out of the Massachusetts colonies. She ignored these warnings--returning in 1660--and was hanged on June 1 of that year. Her death led to the easing of anti-Quaker laws in Massachusetts. |
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| a Christian movement which professes the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine it derives from 1 Peter 2:9.[4] They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and conservative understandings of Christianity. The Religious Society of Friends avoids creeds and hierarchical structures |
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| Promised eternal blessing for belief in Christ and obedience to God's word. It is thus seen as the basis for all biblical covenants that God made individually with Noah, Abraham, and David, nationally with O.T. Israel as a people, and universally with man in the New Covenant. |
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| was made in the Garden of Eden between God and Adam and promised life for obedience and death for disobedience. Adam disobeyed God and broke the covenant, and so the third covenant was made between God and all of mankind, who also fell with Adam according to Romans 5:12-21. |
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| Generally, the term is applied to moralistic texts that denounce a society for its wickedness, and prophesy its downfall. The word was a favorite literary device of the Puritans especially in sermons like "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards. |
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| Marked the last major effort by the Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers. With tensions spilling over following the collapse of trade partnerships and aggressive expansion of colonist territories, Pokunoket chief Metacom led a bloody uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Narragansett tribes. The fighting lasted fourteen months and destroyed twelve frontier towns, ending shortly after Metacom was captured and beheaded. Some of his supporters escaped to Canada, while others who surrendered were sold into slavery. Although the sequence of events leading to the outbreak of war is unclear, the Indians’ resentment of the English had been building since the 1660s. They had become increasingly dependent on English goods, food, and weapons, and their bargaining power diminished as the fur trade dried up, tribal lands were sold, and Metacom and other leaders were forced by the colonists to recognize English sovereignty. Rather than accommodate further, some of the Indians took up arms. Others, including the Mohegan, Pequot, Massachusetts, and Nauset Indians, sided with the English. |
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| William Penn (1644 – 1718) |
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| was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. |
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| George Calvert (1580 – 1632) |
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| Had long maintained an interest in the exploration and settlement of the New World, beginning with his investment of twenty-five pounds in the second Virginia Company in 1609, and a few months later a more substantial sum in the East India Company, which he increased in 1614.[48] In 1620, Calvert purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir William Vaughan, (1575-1641), a Welsh writer and colonial investor, who had earlier failed to establish a colony on the large sub-Arctic island off the eastern coast of North America. |
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| Cecil Calvert (1606 - 1675) |
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Definition
| Second Baron Baltimore, First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America". He received the proprietorship after the death of his father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, (15 April 1632), for whom it had been intended. Cecil Calvert established and managed the Province of Maryland from his home, Kiplin Hall, in North Yorkshire, England. As an English Roman Catholic, he continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony.Maryland became a haven for Catholics in the New World, particularly important at a time of religious persecution in England. Calvert governed Maryland for forty-two years.[2] He also continued to be Lord Proprietor and Governor of Newfoundland for the colony of Avalon. |
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| Maryland Toleration Act, 1649 |
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Definition
| the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City. It was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty. |
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| was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, the Great Awakening made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality |
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| Jonathan Edwards (1703 – 1758) |
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Definition
| a revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Protestant theologian. His initial affiliation inside Protestantism was Calvinist and Congregational. His colonial followers later distinguished themselves from other Congregationalists as “New Lights” (endorsing the Great Awakening), as opposed to "Old Lights” (non-revivalists). Edwards “is widely acknowledged to be one of America’s most important and original philosophical theologians,” and one of the its greatest intellectuals |
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| George Whitefield (1714 – 1770) |
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| An English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies.Born in Gloucester, England, he attended Pembroke College, Oxford University, where he met the Wesley brothers. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement generally |
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| Charles Chauncy (1705 – 1787) |
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Definition
| an American Congregational clergyman in Boston. He was ordained as a minister of the First Church, Boston, in 1727 and remained in that pulpit for 60 years. Next to Jonathan Edwards, his great opponent, Chauncy was probably the most influential clergyman of his time in New England. As an intellectual he distrusted emotionalism and opposed the revivalist preaching of the Great Awakening in his Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England (1743) and other pamphlets. He became the leader of the "Old Lights" or liberals in theology in the doctrinal disputes following the Great Awakening |
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| Gilbert Tennent (1703 – 1764) |
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| Was a pietistic Protestant evangelist in colonial America. Born in a Presbyterian Scots-Irish family in County Armagh, Ireland, he migrated to America as a teenager, trained for pastoral ministry, and became one of the leaders of the Great Awakening of religious feeling in Colonial America, along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.Was a pietistic Protestant evangelist in colonial America. Born in a Presbyterian Scots-Irish family in County Armagh, Ireland, he migrated to America as a teenager, trained for pastoral ministry, and became one of the leaders of the Great Awakening of religious feeling in Colonial America, along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield |
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