Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people |
|
|
Term
| Statute of Religious Liberty |
|
Definition
| enacted in 1786, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, banned established state religions and created religious freedom in Virginia |
|
|
Term
| Rhetoric of Equality vs. Reality of Inequality |
|
Definition
| many people writing about equality while black population remains opressed |
|
|
Term
| The Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
| ratified in 1781, an agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution |
|
|
Term
| The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 |
|
Definition
| called for the land in the recently-created United States of America west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states, provided a mechanism for selling and settling the land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River; 1787 - said you needed 60,000 people to become a state instead of just the smallest states' population |
|
|
Term
| The Battle of Fallen Timbers |
|
Definition
| the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787, over financial difficulties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed along with Madison to overhaul and ultimately remove the Articles of Confederation government, Federalist party convenes around him, retains control of government from 1788-1800, creates first bank of the United States, supports American neutrality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political leaders and statesmen who participated in the American Revolution by signing the United States Declaration of Independence, taking part in the American Revolutionary War, establishing the United States Constitution, or by some other key contribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proposal by Virginia delegates, for a bicameral legislative branch, favored big states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's, calling for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by James Madison, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To prevent one branch from becoming supreme, protect the "opulent minority" from the majority, and to induce the branches to cooperate, government systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches |
|
|
Term
| Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists |
|
Definition
| anti-federalists wanted Bill of Rights, federalists thought writing down rights was dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which limit the power of the U.S. federal government. These limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty and property including freedoms of religion, speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along with many other names. In a broader sense the party was the concrete realization of Jeffersonian democracy. |
|
|
Term
| The Bank of the United States |
|
Definition
| created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual states with their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tax protest in the United States in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold their corn in the form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they strongly resented. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay off the national debt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war,[2] resolving some issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolution, and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 1798 diplomatic episode during the administration of John Adams that Americans interpreted as an insult from France. It led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War, which raged at sea from 1797 to 1800. The Federalist Party took advantage of the national anger to build an army and pass the Alien and Sedition Acts to damage the rival Democratic Republican Party. |
|
|
Term
| The Alien and Sedition Acts |
|
Definition
| were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution's reign of terror and during an undeclared naval war with France, meant to guard against this real threat of anarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,800 square miles of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter and guide, in their exploration of the Western United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an American officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. As a United States (US) Army captain in 1806-1807, he led the Pike Expedition to explore and document the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase and to find the headwaters of the Red River, during which he recorded the discovery of what later was called Pikes Peak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts. These Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals, wanted New England to break off from union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a landmark case in United States law and in the history of law worldwide. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. It was also the first time in Western history a court invalidated a law by declaring it "unconstitutional", a process called judicial review. The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form of government. |
|
|
Term
| Conflict with the Barbary States |
|
Definition
| a series of wars between the United States of America and the Barbary States of North Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At issue was the Barbary pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. If ships failed to pay, pirates would attack the ships and take their goods, and often hold crew for ransom. United States naval power attacked the fortified pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filibusters were irregular soldiers who acted without authority from their own government, and were usually motivated by financial gain, political ideology, or the thrill of adventure. The term is usually used to describe United States citizens who attempted to foment insurrections in Latin America in the mid-19th century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peace treaty ending the War of 1812 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n event spanning from December 15, 1814–January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war — with a return to the status quo ante bellum — disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places |
|
|
Term
| The Battle of New Orleans |
|
Definition
| final battle of War of 1812- Andrew Jackson's men slaughter the British |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congressmen who want the U.S. to preemptively strike against Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reopened American trade with Europe except Great Britain and France- 1810 Macon's Bill #2 reopened trade with Britain and France unless they violate neutral trading rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brother of Tenkswatawa, Indian military leader, unites tribes into Tecumseh Confederacy to fight U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the Prophet", Shawnee leader, decides joint rebellion of Indian groups is needed to stop U.S. expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slaughter of Indians by Americans in 1811 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevented American ships from leaving U.S. to try to prevent war, crushing for economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British took captive sailors they forced to serve in British navy |
|
|
Term
| Second Bank of the United States |
|
Definition
| chartered in 1816, regulated currency in United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tax all goods coming out of England to support in home manufacturing |
|
|
Term
| The Great Migration of the 19th Century |
|
Definition
| people moved west of the Mississippi River after War of 1812 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the modern "Deep South"- Mississippi, Alabama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central Alabama and Mississippi- vast prairie with soil very conducive to growing cotton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trading route connecting St. Louis to Santa Fe |
|
|
Term
| Astor's American Fur Company |
|
Definition
| one of the early fur trading companies to expand trade to the far Southwest |
|
|
Term
| Rocky Mountain Fur Company |
|
Definition
| first fur trading company that trained men to trap, eliminating need for Indian trading posts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banks become worried that they are giving out too many loans and give out less credit; land buying was mostly based on credit causing economy to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spain cedes all Florida territory to the U.S., clearly define border between New Spain and U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Missouri can enter as slave state and Maine can enter as a free state simultaneously, prevents slavery in Louisiana Purchase territories above Missouri's southern boundary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Missouri's southern boundary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slavery should not be introduced in Missouri, current Missouri slaves should be eased into emancipation, no new slave states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tariff on wool that southerners saw as protection of northern industry and invasion of rights, huge political liability for Adams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invalidated state law in Georgia that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action against sovereign nations in New World would be taken as act of war by U.S., U.S. would remain neutral in European conflicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jackson issues Specie Circular, forcing people to pay for government lands in gold and silver, leads to five year economic depression |
|
|
Term
| The "Independent Treasury" System |
|
Definition
| established by Van Buren in 1840, government funds kept in treasury independent from government and private banks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| war hero and 1840 presidential candidate for Whig party, wins election but dies one month into presidency and is replaced by John Tyler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. It resolved a dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border, established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783), reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains defined in the Treaty of 1818, called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, and agreed to shared use of the Great Lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1844 treaty that established trade relations between China and the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o “Corrupt Bargain” between Clay (Speaker of the House) and J. Q. Adams that if Clay would win the house over for Adams (as opposed to Jackson), Adams would choose Clay as Secretary of State. This is speculative. It caused Jackson to distrust Clay during his presidency. |
|
|
Term
| States' Rights vs. Federal Power |
|
Definition
| o The prominence and popularity of Calhoun (Southerner-protected slavery), Webster (spokesman for Northern commercial interests), and Clay (supporter of the West and the American System) showed that sectional interests remained strong even under a president as determined as Jackson to override them and impose a strong presidency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authorized the federal government to collect the tariff (see Nullification Doctrine) at gunpoint if necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Major architect of the new democratic politics of mass participation. Campaign manager for Andrew Jackson. Secretary of State during the Jackson administration. Vice President during Jackson’s second term. Won the presidential election in 1836 because the Whigs ran four sectional candidates. His presidency was marred by bank failures, bankruptcies, and massive unemployment (resulting, in part, from policies enacted during Jackson’s presidency). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Raised the fundamental question concerning national unity in a federal system: what was the correct balance between the rights of states and the powers of the central government? The issue that came to symbolize the divergent economic interests of North and South was the protective tariff that placed a duty on imported goods. As a group, wealthy southern planters were opposed to tariffs (they raised the prices of luxury imports from Europe, and caused other countries to retaliate with tariffs against southern cotton). Southern opponents of the Tariff of Abominations insisted that it was not a truly national measure but a sectional one (helped northern states while harming southern states) and was thus unconstitutional. Southerners also fear that the federal government could enact the abolition of slavery. The doctrine of nullification upheld the right of a state to declare a federal law null and void and to refuse to enforce it within the state. Calhoun was a major supporter of the doctrine. Jackson considered nullification a threat to national unity. |
|
|
Term
| The Nullification Doctrine |
|
Definition
| o In response to the Tariff of 1832, South Caroline produced the Ordinance of Nullification, rejecting the tariff and refusing to collect the taxes required. SC further threatened to secede from the Union if Jackson used force against it. Jackson responded with the Force Bill. Other intimidated southern states refused to follow SC’s lead. Jackson quietly asked congress to revise the tariff. Clay and Calhoun crafted the Tariff Act of 1833 (compromise on the prior tariff) and SC quickly accepted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party-as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o A short-lived armed insurrection in the state of Rhode Island led by Thomas Wilson Dorr, who was agitating for changes to the state's electoral system (because, as the current state constitution was set up, only 40% of free white men were able to vote). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Futile effort to resist Indian removal in the Old Northwest. Black Hawk led natives in trying to take back their old tribal grounds in Illinois following removal, but settlers demanded military protection. Federal troops chased the Black Hawk band to Wisconsin. The Indians lost (more than 300 casualties) and Black Hawk was taken prisoner. |
|
|
Term
| The "Five Civilized Tribes" |
|
Definition
| o The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles. All of these (except the Seminoles) had moved far in the direction of coexistence with whites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o 1838: the last and most infamous removal of Indians in which the Cherokees were driven west to Oklahoma. Thousands died along the way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Osceola led a small band of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the Seminoles from their lands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Some Seminole bands mounted a successful resistance war in the Florida Everglades, but the majority of Seminoles and members of other tribes were not very successful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Director of the Second Bank of the US. Urged by Clay and Webster, he precipitated a conflict between Jackson and himself by making early application for re-chartering the Bank. Jackson immediately vetoed congress’ approval of the re-chartered Bank. Jackson received much popular support for his veto, winning him the election of 1832 against Clay. When the government withdrew its deposits in 1833, Biddle counterattacked by calling in the Bank’s commercial loans. This caused a sharp panic and recession. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Opponents of Jackson. The new party called on everyone to resist the tyrannical “King Andrew.” The Whigs overcame sectional differences to unite in opposition to Jackson’s economic policies. Heirs of the Federalist belief in the importance of a strong federal role in the national economy. They supported Clay’s American System. Their greatest strength was in New England and the northern part of the West (the Old Northwest), the areas most affected by commercial agriculture and factory work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o They had inherited Jefferson’s belief in the democratic rights of the small, independent yeoman farmer. They had nationwide appeal, especially in the South and West. They came to be identified with independence and a distaste for interference, whether from the government or economic monopolies. They favored expansion, Indian removal, and the freedom to do as they chose on the frontier. |
|
|
Term
| Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) |
|
Definition
| o Supported economic opportunity by denying a monopoly. Federal reversal of decision made at the state level. Demonstrated how the Supreme Court weakened the powers of state governments in ways that aided the growth of private enterprise. |
|
|
