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1965 Nixon's Executive Order 11246: required companies holding federal contracts to hire and upgrade black workers.
-Established Office of Federal Contract Compliance in Dept. of Labor
-Infamous 1969 Sec of Labor George Schultz invoked Executive Order 11246 and imposed quotas on building trade unions in Phili to compel them to hire more blacks
-Organized labor opposed
-Contractors' union sued federal govt
-Court upheld President's authority to impose quotas
-example of Nixon contradiction over race
-Court upheld the |
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Nixon's (successful) attempt to get votes from white South
- Nominated 2 segregationist (Clement Haynsworth then G. Harrold Carswell) for Supreme Court, both failed in Senate vote |
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| First Nixon Supreme Court nominee, segregationist and ally of Strom Thurmond, voted down in Senate |
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| Second Nixon nominee, also segregationist but not very qualified legal record, failed in Senate vote |
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| Nixon Supreme Court appointee, June 1970, turned out moderate |
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| Nixon Supreme Court appointee, January 1972, turned out moderate |
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| Nixon Supreme Court appointee in 1972, Chief Justice in 1986, only Nixon appointee who was reliably conservative |
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| LBJ's way of reinventing himself in late 1950s to position himself for presidential run, included: 1) exanded SS coverage; 2) subsidies for farmers; 3) tax breaks for poor; 4) repeal of poll tax; 5) federal funded aid to build hospitals, schools, roads, housing... |
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Document written by southern politicians who all were opposed to racial integration in the south's public places. Drawn up to counter the'54 Brown decision.
LBJ doesn't sign because of his presidential aspirations. Knows it will hurt his chances. |
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| LBJ wins greatest electoral victory in US history, 61.1% of vote against Goldwater's 38.5% |
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| "Unconditional War on Poverty" |
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| LBJ's agenda, something for everyone |
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| Desegregated all public accommodations,Title 7 = no employment discrimination based on race or gender (created EEOC) |
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| Part of 1964 Civil Rights Act, = no employment discrimination based on race or gender, created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to moderate claims of discrimination, had a significant impact in opening jobs to blacks |
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LBJ's agenda, Key components: 1) Civil Rights Act of 1964;
2) Voting Rights Act of 1965;
3) Economic Opportunity Act (Office of Economic Opportunity, Job Corps, Community Action Program);
4) Elementary and Secondary Education Act;
5) Medicare & Medicaid; 6) Immigration Act of 1965;
7) National Endowments for Arts and Humanities;
8) Landmark environmental and consumer protection legislations |
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| Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) |
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| 1965, part of Great Society, allocated $1 billion in funds for poor students, LBJ needed support of local school districts so program granted them responsibility of funds and implementing program. = resulted in most of funds going to middle and upper middle class support, districts made sure the money didn't go to the poor like LBJ wanted |
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| leader in Berkeley demonstrations, significant that he had just participated in Freedom Summer |
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| Student demonstrations at Berkeley starting in Fall 1964, important linkage between CRM in south and Free Speech Movement |
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| Northern white consensus in favor of racial change in the South (1963-1966 in notes) |
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| AKA Watts riots 1965. started because a black boy pulled over by white officer... his brother runs home and gets the attention of the black commnity (already upset over LAPD violence towards the black community) more community memebers show up and turns into a riot that lasts something like 6 days... some 34 (??) people die... the central business district of watts is burned to the ground. (this is happening during regan's campaign to become governor. it spurs even more white backlash (the "not in my neighborhood" idea) and reagan plays this card to his advantage. (the democratic governor pat brown was on vacation when this happened. reagan works to show how brown was innefective in battling this and the student protests at berkley. plays into the growing fear that "american social values are deterorating" |
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| Collapse of Racial Liberalism |
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| historical explanations: race riots, Black power, welfare = "black poverty", see non-traditional explanations |
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| elected mayor?? get notes, showed racism in North |
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| 1963 Boston School Committee refused to make changes in school system availability to black children (led by Louise Dehicks), symbol of white resistance to black demands for change |
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| Boston Irish woman on Boston School Committee, led Committee's opposition to de facto desegregation, became symbol of white backlash/of white resistance to black demands for change. "George Wallace of the North" |
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| "segregation forever", runs for Democratic nomination in 1964, significant in getting large numbers of vote in Wisconsin, Indiana, Maryland, = shows collapse of racial liberalism and New Deal coalition. See 1968 slide |
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| California 1964, overturning of state's Fair Housing Law, overturned by more than 2-1 margin, more than 75% of whites voted to overturn |
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| MLK recognizes more urgent issues in North, focuses on racial separation in schools and housing in Chicago, seeing even more white resistance in North now that the problem has come to them |
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| Senator from SC, ran as Dixiecrat candidate in 1948, shifts from Dem to Repub party in 1964, symbolized white backlash and realignment of parties, Repub as white man's party |
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| NC Senator who switched from Dem to Repub Party in 1964 |
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| Turned the tide of public opinion against the War in Vietnam, early 1968, covered by media, irony that it was actually a victory for the US |
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| Father figure in US media, reported in aftermath of Tet Offensive, expressed opinion that reports of success in Vietnam a fraud/US must change course. Huge influence on public opinion |
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| peace candidate who ran against LBJ in 1968 primaries, success in NH and Wisc. primaries caused LBJ to withdraw |
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| 2 types: 1) those who resisted our treatment of Vietnamese people; 2) those who cared about what the war in Vietnam was doing to us/our troops |
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| Entered 1968 race late, ability to appeal to aggrieved White (Wallace constituency) AND blacks, very successful in primaries, assassinated night of CA primary victory |
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| 1968 Democratic nominee after Bobby Kennedy assassinated, supported LBJ's Vietnam policy, supporter of rights of labor and minorities, lost to Nixon (43.4% to 42.7%) |
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Runs as Independent Candidate, gets remarkable 13.5% of vote
Told Middle Americans they were caught between liberal elites and interventionist govt above them and marauding blacks below them |
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| Nixon's legislative agenda, brainchild of Daniel Patrick Monahan, would guarantee annual income for every American family, failed in GOP b/c very liberal concept; failed with Democrats b/c amount of money too low ($1600/yr) |
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| Nixon's economic attempt, based on Keynesian economics, trying to use govt to achieve full employment economy, very liberal concept |
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| created under Nixon, liberal concept |
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| Coined by Nixon's VP Spiro Agnew, sought polarization as way of creating new Repub majority |
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| Leading symbol of liberalism in 40s and 50s, addressed Smith College 1955 about role of women being as wives and mothers |
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| President's Commission on Status of Women |
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| 1961, appointed by JFK, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, about expanding role of women while staying conservative and saying women's primary role is that of wife and mother, but also came up with Equal Pay Act |
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| 1963, said women entitled to equal pay for equal work, only had jurisdiction in federal work force, drawn up by President's Commission on Status of Women |
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| wrote "Feminine Mystique", left-wing, becomes spokesperson for suburban housewives, saying that they are smart and bored |
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| calling for equal rights of sexes, never passed because subversive, controversial possible consequences |
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| increasing unemployment and increasing inflation at the same time, caused by Nixon setting prices and wages, effects not fully shown til end of 70s |
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| In late 1970s, corporate revolt against govt regulation and broader backlash against 60s "rights revolution", symbolized in CA's Proposition 13 in 1978 |
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| 1978 passes 2:1 in CA, forces dramatic reduction in property taxes of current tax payers, tax revolt becomes a nationwide phenomena |
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| Carter signed to incrementally give control of Canal back to Panama by 2000, Reagan tapped into US fear that Carter (and Dems) giving up Canal was a sign of US weakening |
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| Reagan Revolution, key to economic growth is the supply of capital in the hands of wealthy individuals and corporations, thought government regulation created govt intervention in economy that was robbing us of capital, stopping us from growing US economy |
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Goals of Reagan Revolution |
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- Free Market Economics
- Supply-side economics
- Transfer wealth upward
- Limit govt. regulation of business, weaken organized labor
- Dismantle major components of New Deal/Great Society welfare state
- Transfer power and fiscal burdens from federal to state and local governments = "New Federalism"
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| Economic Recovery Tax Act |
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| 1981, Reagan proposes to cut federal income and business tax by 30% over 3 years, Congress passes bill to reduce taxes by 25% over 3 years instead, proposed to eliminate "bracket creep" |
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| Professional Air Traffic Controllers Association (PATCO) |
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| 12,000 went on strike in 1981, Reagan declared they would be fired if they didn't return to work, result was almost all fired. Consequences: more acceptable for employers to fire strikers, decline in number of strikes and trade unions |
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| Example of white backlash by Reagan years, had voted majority for JFK and then by 1980 majority voting for Reagan. With democrats on issues like social security, medicare, but compelled to vote Reagan by issue of race. |
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| Reagan's goal to roll back advances communism had made around the world, esp in 3rd world countries: Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Nicaragua, |
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| 1981-1982, Reagan inherited recession from Carter, had appointed Paul Volcker chairman of Federal Reserve who raised interest rates and thereby precipitated very high unemployment |
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| lasted only a year and half, late 1982 to spring 1984, but was enough to get Reagan reelected |
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| Clinton's alternative approach to press conferences/press releases while governor in AK. Used paid TV and radio to get message out to people, used focus groups to poll electorate = very expensive, Clinton always fundraising |
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| Democratic Leadership Council |
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| Pro-corporate, anti-labor, Clinton initially aligns himself with them |
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| Clinton's agenda, key aspect was Welfare Reform and idea of responsibility and reciprocity: proposed that people would get money to pay for education and job training but after two years people would have to go to work and couldn't stay on welfare |
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| Clinton as "New Deal Liberal" |
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First phase of Clinton's presidency, proposed:
- economic stimulus package,
- family leave,
- earned income tax credit for working poor,
- tax hike for wealthy,
- motor voter law,
- health care (fiasco)
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