• Supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process.
• Hamilton, Madison, Jay.

• Opposed the Constitution
  • Not a legal document
  • No Bill of Rights (originally).

• Patrick Henry
• Samuel Adams
• John Hancock
• George Mason

• Was a Federalist
• Wrote the Federalist Papers with Madison and John Jay.
• Wanted the Federal government to have a lot of power (Hamiltonian Centralization).
• Hamilton Economics:
  • Wanted to deal with the issue of National debt. 
  • Most Southern, Middle, and Western states had already paid all their state debts in full, so they didn't want the national government to assume all debts because that would be taking money from those areas and giving in to the NE states (who had large outstanding debts).
  • Hamilton did and to do that he needed to push for support of several things.  
  • Pushed for a National Bank.
    • Argued that forming a National Bank was constitutional because of the Elastic Clause, which gives Congress more power.
  • Hamilton's plan for National Debt involved new taxes everywhere except NE.
    • 25% excuse on whiskey (NE = Rum)
    • Led to the Whiskey Rebellion
      • Hamilton responds with intesifying persecutions of tax invadors.
• The Quasi-War with France led Hamilton to argue for, organize, and become de facto commander of a national army.

• Hamilton's opposition to fellow Federalist John Adams contributed to the success of Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in the uniquely deadlocked election of 1800.

• Had a duel with Aaron Burr (the then vice president) and died the next day.

• Creator of the VA plan
• Main brain behind the Constitution
• "Father of the Bill of Rights"
• Coauthor of the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Hamilton.
• Leader of the House of Reps. under George WA
• Madison breaks with Hamilton and joins up with Jefferson to form the Democratic-Republican Party.
  • disagreed with Federalists over Jay's Treaty and the National Bank.
• Secretly co-authored the Kentucky and VA Resolutions with Jefferson in protest of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
  • Alien and Sedition Acts were deemed unconstitutional because they took away the freedom of speech.
  • KY & VA resolutions set the precedent for state legislature having the right to judge constitutionality of fed. laws.
• Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807.
  • wanted to make the Br. respect Am. economy...didn't work, only hurt themselves.
• 4th Pres. of the US
• Pres. during the war of 1812
• Reverses his policies during/after the war: strong national bank, high tariffs, etc.

John Jay

• Coauthor with Hamilton and Adams of the Federalist Papers.
• Jays Treaty:
  • He is sent to England with the intent of:
    • Negotiating commercial relationships in the Br.W. Indies.
    • Securing compensation for seizure of Am. ships (Genet)
    • Reimbursement to S. planters for slaves lured away by Br. during the War.
    • Asked Br. to enforce straggling Br. in Am. to vacate.
  • What he comes back with:
    • doesn't address captured cargo or lost slaves.
    • Gave. Br. 18 months to vacate
    • Required Am. payment of debts owed to the Br. from the War.
    • Limited trading rights with W. Indies
    • Agreed to have boundary disputes w/ Canada and damages and claims of ship owners to be decided later by abitration commissions.
• Jay's treaty was super unpopular back in the US.

"Mad" Anthony:

• Rough and tumble guy, wants to subdue the Indians.
• Battle of Fallen Timbers:
  • fought against the Potawatomi, Shawnee, Delaware.
  • Won, unlike Harmer and St. Clair.
• Treaty of Greenville forced the N. Am. to cede 2/3rds of Ohio and SE Indiana.
• Br. abandon forts in Old NW.
• Ends Ohio wars.

Little Turtle & Blue Jacket

 Ft. WA (Cincinnati) was invaded three times:

1. 1790, Gen. Josiah Harmer & 1,400 men are defeated by Little Turtle (Miami) and Blue Jacket (Shawnee). 

Little Turtle: one of the most successful Native American military leaders of his era. He led his followers in several victories over the United States in the 1790s, but was an advocate for peace with the U.S. in the years leading up to the War of 1812. 

Blue Jacket: Perhaps the preeminent American Indian leader in the Northwest Indian War, in which a pan-tribal confederacy fought several battles with the nascent United States, he was an important predecessor of the famous Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

Tenskwatawa/The Prophet

&

Tecumseh

Starts with the Cherokee Revolts in 1808-10:

• The younger generation want to over throw the older modern people.
• Want to return to the Old Ways.
• Tenskwatawa/The prophet is a Shawnee who wants to lead his people back to the old ways.
  • Has a "vision" in 1805, called for the unification of Indians west of the Appalachians.
  • Came the closest to military success.
  • Moved to Prophetstown (Tippecanoe)
  • Had a large gathering.
• Tecumseh (Tenskwatawa's brother) assumed political and military leadership of the pan-Indian religious movement started by his brother.
  • The Pan-Indian confederacy was very powerful and united many tribes.
  • They were allied with the Br.
• While Tecumseh was off recruiting, William Henry Harrison led his men to Prophetstown and Tenskwataw ordered an unwise attack on these advancing soldiers.
  • Led to an American victory--Am. thought that they had crushed resistance to W.ward expansion.

• War hero of Tippecanoe
• Ran for president in 1840 "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
• Democrats tried to protray him as a hick that lived in a log cabin and wouldn't do any good.
• Whigs used it to their advantage, launched "The Log Cabin Campaign"--his rusticness was an appeal.
• Also led to the Whigs using democratic's idea and depicted Van Buren as "Van Ruin"--more interested in his own wealth than the people.
• Harrison won by a small popular margin, but a landslide electoral college vote.
• Led to a truly national two-party system.

Andrew Jackson

&

Rachel Donelson  

• Hero of the Creek Wars (Horseshoe Bend) and the Battle of New Orleans--> national hero
• Nickname is "Old Hickory"
• Creek War: Indians were deeply factioned, war in which Tecumseh is killed.
• Win at Horseshoe Bend forces Indians to ceed a lot of land.
• Battle of New Orleans comes two weeks after the War of 1812 is ended with the Treaty of Ghent.
  • Br. greatly outnumbered Am, but Am. won.
• Election of 1824:
  • Became a popularity contest
  • Main canadates are:
    • John Quincy Adams (NE)
    • Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)
      • William Crawford (treasury) VA, NY
    • John C. Calhoun (war) S. aristocracy 
    • all of the above are regional canadaties
    • Andrew Jackson was a National Hero, had more of a base.
  • When Clay was out of the running, he put all his support behind Adams.
    • When the election is a tie between Adams and Jackson, vote is put to the House.
    • Clay uses his influence in the House to get Adam voted Pres.
  • Jackson dubs this the "Corrupt Bargain".
• Election of 1828:
  • Jackson wins.
  • First election where major attention is given to character issues.
  • Increased participation in election because the Market revolution allowed for the spread of information much more quickly.
  • Jackson and his people avidly ampaigned  through a variety of methods
    • political machines, etc.
• Rachel Donelson--Jackson's wife--was a center of debate due to questions about the legality of her marriage.
  • scandal...and played a role in the election.
• Jackson's attitude towards the public was favorable because he really believed he was the servant of the people.
  • Known as the Peoples' President.
• Cabinet selection: Spoils System
• Didn't believe it was the fed. govts right to have economic intervention.
• Used the veto 12 times...pervious total was 9
• Believed that land = democracy
• Indian Policy:
  • Advocated removal.
  • Inacted the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
  • Opened up 100 million acres for whites.
• 1816: Goes to Spanish FL looking for Seminoles he believes to be harboring escaped slaves.
  • Proclaims himself commander of N. FL and executes two Br. soldiers.
  • Problems: No authority
  • Leads to Adams-Onis treaty:
    • US gets FL, if we promise to stay away from TX and Cuba.
    • Spain agrees because they are very weak.

• Cotton Jin--from CT
• Led to a recommitment to slavery
• Allows for lower south to become the "cotton kindgom", controlled the s.'s economy and kept the S. dependent on slave labor.

Toussant L'Ouveture

&

Gabriel

• Led the successful Haitian Rebellion in 1804
• Threatened slavery everywhere.
• Inspired a blacksmith named Gabriel:
  • He hatched a well-planned conspiracy to overthrow VA's slave regime.
  • Gabriel's Rebellion was planned with military precision.
  • Wanted to get freedom back, but didn't want to harm innocents, including some whites.
  • Was an American Revolutionary
  • A coconspirator divulged the plan
  • Also, day of rebellion it rained--foiled plans
  • 27 hanged, others sold down south.

• During OH wars, WA respondes to the massive Am. losses by strengthening the army and sending provisions.
• Was worried about the creation of political parties.
• WA election of 1789: Knew he was setting the precedent. Put in office:
  • Henry Knox (dep. of war)
  • Hamilton (treasury)
  • Edmund Randolph (attorney general)
  • John Jay (supreme court justice)
  • This was the original formation of a Cabinet.
• During the Whiskey Rebellion, WA respondes to the March on Pittsburg by nationalizing the PA militia.
• Led people to ask the question of whether or not fed govt had overreacted.
  • Jefferson Republicanins: states have more power, so he didn't believe that the feds should have that much power.
• During the French Revoltion, turned Reign of Terror, and then war between England and France, WA issues Neutrality Proclamation of 1793.
  • this is ignoring treaty with France, which makes them upset.
  • citizen genet
  • WA sends John Jay to England-->Jay's Treaty

Henry Knox

• Was sent by the French to enlist American aid with the French Revolution (against Br.), with or without WA's consent.
• WA proclaimed neutrality, Genet openly commissioned Am. privateers to harass British shipping.
• Enlisted Am. in intrigues against the Spanish outpost at New Orleans (NO).
• Also opened France's Caribean colonies to Am. shipping, providing Am. shippers with the choice of French free trade or Br. mercantilism.
• Br. promised to seize any ships trading with Fr. colonies in the Caribbeab--> 250 Am. ships seized.
• Am. ships searched for Br. sailors: some Am. sailors kidnapped into the Br. navy.  

Aaron Burr

Meriwether Lewis

&

William Clark

Henry Clay

John C. Calhoun

Nat Turner

Whigs N & S

vs.

Democrats N & S

Robert Wiltse

 &

William Seward

&

Dorothea Dix

WA Temperance Society

American Colonization Society, 1816 

American Anti-Slavery Society, 1833

William Lloyd Garrison

&

Sarah Grimke

Sylvester Graham

New York Magdalen Society

Female Moral Reform Society

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

&

Lucretia Mott

John Quincy Adams

Peggy O' Neal Timberlake Eaton

&

The "Petticoat Wars"

John Colter

Andrew Henry

&

William H. Ashley

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 

 Chesapeak & HMS Leopard

Embargo Act, 1807

Non-Intercourse Act, 1809