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| Hwarang was a very important institution in Silla during its prosperous times and during its hard times. In Silla, Buddhism became a force accelerating the growth of the state structure and royal power. A hwarang group was created and young men joined it. The youth in the hwarang group lived together for a fixed period of time and this time was devoted for learning of military arts and for cultivation of virtue and at any time of war, they would serve to their state. They had great military power and great cultural education(arts, music, poetry). Monks of this group taught to the boys of hwarang the loyalty to the king of the state which was important in times of wars. They followed the Five Commandments for Laymen and two of these commandments were: “never retreat from a battlefield and serve the king with loyalty” and any of the hwarang men were ready to die for their country and for their king which was important during those times. The hwarang became a prime source of Silla’s success in wars against its enemies which included Tang China and unification of the Three Korean Kingdoms. Hwarang played a big role in unifying Korea and in keeping Korean people loyal and ready to fight during hard time in Silla, however, after unification, the hwarang group became less specialized in military power and was later more known for its art education. |
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| Bone Rank (Hallowed/True) |
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| Sillian society remained highly aristocratic, graded in terms of something called bone rank (kolp’um). Chinese-style bureaucratic government with new legal codes that established 17 official titles, but these titles were awarded strictly according to hereditary bone rank. Bone rank determined highest possible ttile to which a man could aspire, the maximum size of his home and even what clothing he could wear. Hallowed Bone Rank: The highest level of the bone rank was the "sacred bone", or songgol sometimes termed "hallowed bone", which consisted only of a portion of the royal Kim family, possibly those considered to have royal blood on both sides. Until this rank was abolished with the ascension of King Muyeol in 654, only those holding sacred bone rank were permitted to assume the throne. True Bone Rank: high aristocrats and official (chin’gol) |
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| King of Koryo 918 - 943 (Known as King T'aejo) Assumed power through a rebellion in 918 Rebellion on the basis of the Chinese Mandate of Heaven Wang Kon was from a locally powerful Korean mercantile and naval family Unified Korea after a period of division from 901 to 935 when the country was split into three again Last Sillan king abdicated in his favour in 935 Used to a large degree marriages as a way to foster stability and links between groups (gave two of his daughters as wives to the Silllan King) Understood that they were highly linked to China—through literature, ritual, music, institutions, etc—but realized that they still could and needed to have their own identity and not necessarily required to become China Led to a distancing from China Koryo Dynasty was locked in to the Peninsula with the rise of the Khitan nomadic military power in Manchuria—giving roughly the border of Korea that we know today This threat on the Korean borders may have also given incentive to consolidate Korea politically and culturally |
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| Began with the coup of 645 where Nakatomi Kamatari (614-669) chose Prince Naka no Oe as the next Japanese Emperor because he would put through centralization reforms Coup succeeded, begins Taika imperial reign (645-650) and Kamatari given new family name of Fujiwara in honour of his planning and vision Fujiwara would become the most prominent Japanese family Fujiwara also a place: Japan's first true Chinese-style capital city was at Fujiwara, just south of Nara Fujiwara family was one of the few families that dominated Heian politics and society The Fujiwara family drew influence and success from being the regent to either minor or adult emperors; and especially through intermarrying with the imperial family ex. Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1028) was regent for one year and four of his daughters married emperors who gave birth to three more emperors |
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| it was written after the death of Shotoku and defeat of the Soga clan, uniting Japan. During this time, Emperor Kotoku attempted to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute chinese confucian style emperor. The true aim of the reform was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn seemingly everything from the Chinese writing system, literature, religion, and architecture, to even dietary habits at this time. |
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| period in Japanese history that lasted from AD 710 to 794. The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an, the capital city of Tang China. Capital moved from Nara to Kyoto in 794. Fujiwara and Nara were laid out on a grid with the palace centred at the north and facing the south, because in Chinese cosmology, the rulers palace was fixed like the pole star. During Jitos reign, officials started to compile official histories and create a set of written adminstrative statutes and law codes. Modified and expanded during successive reigns, this system became known as the regime of codes. There were written administrative statutes, law codes, equal field system, examination system, centralized bureaucracy during Nara. Also a flourishing of culture: Japans’ first offcial histories and poetry compilations published during Nara period. Works such as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki were political in nature, used to record and therefore justify and establish the supremacy of the rule of the emperors within Japan. The Nara emperors in particular deeply reverenced a Buddhist teaching called the Sutra of Golden Light ; in it, Buddha is established not only as a historical human being but also as the Law or Truth of the universe. |
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| Definition Tōdai-ji or Great Eastern Temple is a Buddhist temple complex built in 746 BCE in Nara, Japan. Significance a. It is an example of the large-scale state sponsorship of Buddhism in Japan. The temple served as the headquarters for Buddhism and there was a branch in every province. At the same time no temple in Sui or Tang China dominated the city the way that Tōdai-ji did in Nara. b. The Tōdai-ji is also home to the largest bronze state of the Buddha (64 ft) in the world, which was built in 752 CE. This is symbolic of the influence of Buddhism in Japan. At the same time, the Great Buddha illustrates the international range of Buddhist connections as the ceremonial opening of the Buddha’s eyes was performed by a Brahmin from India and a Korean also played a role in casting the bronze Buddha. |
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| Definition The Tale of Genji is a classical work of Japanese literature and is considered to be the world’s first novel. Written by Lady Murasaki (978-1016 CE) it is a lengthy fictional narration the life and loves of the Shining Prince Genji. Significance a. The Tale of Genji is the prime example of women literature that emerged out of the aristocratic court culture in Heian. The lives of aristocratic women were sedentary and secluded so they turned to literature and developed it into a fine art. b. The Tale of Genji was written in Japanese using the Hiragana script, which was a new Japanese syllabic writing system. Hiragana was reserved for informal documents and women’s writing, which is why it was commonly known as women’s hand. Most serious writings like court documents were written in Chinese. |
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| Emperor Taizu of Song. He founded the Song Dynasty and reigned from 960 to 976. In 960, the mother of the seven-year-old boy emperor of the last of the northern Five Dynasties acting in the capacity of a regent, ordered the commander of the Place Guard, Zhao Kuangying (926-976) to lead an army north against a rumored Khitan invasion. On the second morning of their march, some officials of Zhao entered his residence with swords drawn and hailed him as emperor. The result was a coup that brought a new dynasty, the Song, which lasted from 960 to 1279. Aware of the fragmentation that had been caused by warlordism since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and of the frequency of military coups like the one that had brought him to the throne, he was determined to clearly separate military command from civilian administration. He relieved his senior generals of their military commands and retired them to lives of civilian comfort in the capital. His policies would be successful because dynastic change would be less frequent thereafter, and would never again be the result of an internal military coup. Civilian rule over military rule: civil service examination became fully functional during the Song Dynasty. The negative side is a long-term decline in the prestige of military service and relative military weakness. China would thereafter repeatedly be threatened with foreign conquest. |
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| A non-Chinese nomadic group in northeastern region of China, they were one of the rising powers that represented a threat to the Tang Dynasty during the 7th century when China first came to encounter threats from its neighbours. During the Song Dynasty, the Khitan had organized a semi-Chinese-Style Liao Dynasty stretching across the northern steppes (included sixteen prefectures of northeastern china proper). After a treaty in 1005, Song was even compelled to make annual payments to the Liao of silk, silver and to treat the Khitan Liao Dynasty as an equal. The Khitan Liao and the Tangut Western Xia developed their own writing systems rather than use Chinese. Therefore they had put themselves outside of the sphere of East Asian civilization. But the Khitan Liao to some extent adopted the Chinese political model. The founder of the K Liao Dynasty could also speak Chinese and had himself enthroned twice, one as the Khitan-style leader in 907 and again later as a Chinese-style Emperor in 915. The Khitan Liao Dynasty ruled over a variety of different tribes and peoples, including several Jurchen tribes in the area of modern Manchuria. In 1114 Jurchen warriors under the tribal leader Aguda, rebelled and attacked the Khitan Liao Dynasty, soon taking the Chinese language dynastic title Jin for themselves. By 1122 this new Jurchen ruled Jin Dynasty had effectively destroyed the Khitan Liao Regime, and even came into conflict with China from the North. . |
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| Also called the Jurchen Dynasty, was founded by a Jurchen (non-Chinese) tribal chieftain in 1115 and lasted until 1234. In 1114 Jurchen warriors under the tribal leader Aguda, rebelled and attacked the Khitan Liao Dynasty, soon taking the Chinese language dynastic title Jin for themselves. By 1122 this new Jurchen ruled Jin Dynasty had effectively destroyed the Khitan Liao Regime, and even came into conflict with China from the North. By 1127 a song emperor had been captured and the Jurchen Jin Dynasty overrun all of north China. A younger brother of the captured song emperor then took the Chinese throne and the Song Dynasty continued, withdrawing south to a temporary capital at Hangzhou and beginning what is known to history as Southern Song (1127-1279). The border between the S Song and the J Jin stabilized along the line of the Huai River, about a hundred miles north of the Yangzi. Following their conquest of the north China, many of the Jurchen peopel moved down from Manchuria into China proper. In 1153, Jurchen capital was also relocated from Manchuria to Beijing. The Jurchen people remained a minority though, perhaps 10 percent of the total Jin population (2-3 million Juchens ruling over 30 million Chinese). Initially the ethnic J and the Chinese population of the Jin dynasty were organized separately and there was even some conscious revival of Jurchen cultural practices later in the dynasty, following a bout of Chinese- style imperial centralization. But the J soon began intermarrying with the Chinese and speaking the Chinese language. Leading Confucian scholars living under the dynasty fully accepted its legitimacy. In some sense this Jin Dynasty even became what could be called a Chinese dynasty, but their rivalry with the S Song didn’t diminish. Some scholars see the hostility of Chinese against the Jurchen as a spirit of Chinese nationalism. In 1234 the Jurchen Jin Dynasty was inundated by an even greater new menace from the north: the Mongols. |
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| tChinese Medieval Economic Revolution |
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The Chinese medieval economic system reached it’s peak during the Southern Song Dynasty after they lost their Northern half to the Jin, and despite losing such geographical area they still managed to flourish because of the climax of the medieval economic system.
For centuries the Chinese had been enjoying maritime trade, with ships being sent all over east asia, but during the Song dynasty, the Chinese possessed the largest trade route system in the world. Chinese porcelain could be found in India, the arab world, east asia and all the way to Moorish Spain, and the Chinese were said to have the best ships in the world, with watertight compartments, magnetic compasses and sternpost rudders.
An important shift in international trade for the Chinese went from high value, low bulk goods to more inexpensive and bulkier commodites thanks to their new ships. For example, the Chinese could now sell textiles, books, porcelain, pepper, rice, sugar, lumber and the more expensive low bulk commodoties. Many Song ports participated in international trade but Quanzhou is by far the most important. During this period, the Song were commercialized, technologically sophisticated and urban (Their urban population was probably equal to the urban population of the rest of the world at this point). The importance of the Chinese medieval economic system is simple, the Song were able to trade internationally which contributed to their society flourishing, and Chinese ideals were able to be spread throughout the world, with other empires far-spread looking up to the Chinese as the richest and most advanced empire in the world. |
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| Civil Service Examination System |
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| Empire/Statewide series of examination required to become a government official. Rising to prominence in late imperial China (Tang & Song), the civil service examination system spread throughout Asia. Briefly adopted in Nara Japan, the examination system also spread to Silla in the 8th century. The examination system is noted for establishing a culture focused on education. Citizens and leaders were focused on improving themselves though education, equally benefiting the needs of the empire and scholarly advancement. Ideally the examination system would provide social mobility, giving peasants the opportunity to ride to prominent positions of power. In reality, the examination system confirmed the elite status of members of the gentry and elite families. The examination system did ensure that people in positions of power were well qualified, helping to contribute to centuries of stable government. |
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| Zhu Xi was an influential neo-Confucian scholar. Writing in the Song Dyanasty, he became a jinshi ay age 18 and was a prominent member of the neo-Confucian revival. This revival was based upon the reinterpretation of the Confucian classics and their commentaries. Xi’s commentaries were focused on the ‘learning of the way’; a holistic approach towards the classics focused on the nature of the universe and things. His writings were an updating of classical Confucian thought. Neo-Confucian thought spread throughout all of East Asia, and formed the basis of the Chinese empire for centuries to come. |
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| Was born in a nomadic tribe near the current Mongol capital, Ulaanbaatar. At this time, there are 40 divided tribes and clans, always in war the ones against the others and confronted to their rivals, Turkishes and Tatars. He comes from a noble background, his father is the chief of the Borjigin clan, and his real name is Temujin. He starts to assert himself as a powerful warrior but also as a smart politician. He begins the unification of the Mongol tribes. He his finally elected Khan then proclaimed Khagan in 1206, that means emperor. He establishes the Yassa, militarian and civilian code that would have established the legal equality for all, including women. He initiates the conquest of a tremendous territory. Defeats Western Xia and the Jin Dynasties in China. Conquests will go on even after his death in 1227. What is important for our studies: - Creation of a new geopolitical situation with a huge territory administered by a central political organization. - Chinggis Khan is still one of the most conqueror known today in the world. The perception people can have on him is very varied. |
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| He is the great son of Genggis and the founder of the Yuan dynasty in China. He becomes the Khan at the end of a politico-militarian struggle against his younger brother Ariq Böke. His reign is a rupture in contrast of the previous reigns because he starts a progressive ‘chinisation’ of the Mongol culture. He sets his capital in Beijing, the ex capital of the Jin dynasty. He also founds a new dynasty, the Yuan dynasty that will rule China for almost one century. He assumes the role of Emperor of China. He finishes the conquest of the Chinese territory by defeating the Song dynasty. Thus, this is the first time that Beijing becomes the capital of the entire Chinese territory. Khubilai Khan is also a famous emperor because it was in his Court that lived Marco Polo, Venitian merchant whose writings allowed many Europeans to discover the Asian culture and the Chinese way of life. He died in 1294. What is important for our studies: - By his origins and what he did, he highlights the interconnections between the asian countries at this time. - He strongly contributes to the western perception of the Chinese (and the rest of the Asian) way of life. For example, his summer garden is subject to a poem written by Samuel Coleridge in 1797. |
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| Founder of the Ming dynasty-Came from a poor family (not from an aristocracy or military family) -Was part of a rebel group and eventually managed to establish himself as the emperor of China in 1368 -During his reign, there was an emphasis on agricultural system; agriculture was the root of the society -Suspicious of scholars from the beginning and throughout his reign since scholars were the ones "ruling the empire" with the emperor (assisting the emperor), so they were "powerful"; he doesn't really trust them -Therefore, there were a lot of officials beaten or executed during the Ming dynasty (it was an authoritarian regime); a lot of violence against officials (much more compared to previous empires) -Suspicious of the examination system, but still embrace it. -He is also famous for instituting schools everywhere in China; a lot of public institution in Ming (in Song, there were a lot of private academies), therefore, a lot of poor people can access to education (not only for wealthy and aristocrat families) -There was an economy and population growth during the Ming -Capital was in Nanjing, Nanjing was the economic heart of China at this time. |
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| -Third emperor of the Ming dynasty -Was not in line to the throne (he was an imperial prince but was not supposed to be the emperor), but he managed to overthrown the legitimate heir (civil war). -He struggled all his life to prove himself that he merited the throne -Initiated many policies (new beginning) -Relocated the capital to Beijing (Nanjing will be the secondary capital) -Initiated many building project in Beijing (The Forbidden City was one of them) -Conquest to Vietnam and founded maritime expeditions (led by Zheng He) -He wanted to assert his authority around the border of China because of his legitimate issue; used everything available to show his influence and his legitimacy) -All these measures was to prove that he is the legitimate emperor, that he is powerful (China is powerful. In fact, it was the beginning of Chinese dominance of the world; esp. with all the maritime expeditions to Africa or Southern Asia) |
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| (1371-1433) was a Chinese Muslim eunuch. He commanded a series of voyages sent by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Traveling in huge ships often times 400ft in length; Zheng He had crews of 28,000 men. Zheng He sailed to the eastern seaboard of Africa, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea and they went all around to bring back tribute. They also were searching for exotic beasts (unicorns) and brought back a giraffe. Sig: The scale of these voyages was greater than any that the Europeans at the time could have mustered. However these voyages often went along on established trade routes and were expensive, which put a considerable strain on the Ming and in 1433 were stopped. These voyages also took place during a time when China was entering a period of isolationism. |
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| Khubilai Khan built a magnificent new Chinese style capital at Bejing (then known as Dabu, the capital of a world empire; “all roads lead to Dadu”) The Mongols did not directly incorporate Korea into their Yuan Dynasty. Instead they allowed the Koryo kings to retain the form of having their own Korean dynasty. Although during those years the Mongols dethroned Koryo kings for several times, but they tried to keep good relation with Korean too. Korean kings’s son married a daughter of Khubilai Khan who subsequently visited Beijing regularly, since then, the heirs to the Koryo throne nearly all had mongol mothers. Koryo became what has been colorfully described as a “son-in-law” state to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Also, due to this, visiting Koreans encountered Neo-Confucianism in Beijing. |
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| 1196-1258, statesman whose family rules Korea, hereditary ruler of Koryo by military coup of Yangban. They restored order and created private armies and their own central government. Mongols, turning the leaders into the “son-in- law” relationship, overthrew them in 1258. |
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| In Korea, the two orders of the aristocracy, one military and one civil. May have been caused by continued use of the examination system that allowed greater prestige to civil aristocracy over the military one. This grouping of people only married other Yangban members, |
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| Yi song-gye was a military leader in the Koryo Dynasty, but drove out the last king of the Koryo Dynasty and established a new Dynasty. -He was the founder of the Korean Choson Dynasty, a long-lasting dynasty, and moved capital to what is today called Seoul. -By carrying out land reform and confiscating land of Buddhist temples, Yi Song- gye and his followers grasped economic power and effectively weakened the established power of the Koryo Great families. |
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| King Sejong was one of the kings of the Choson Dynasty of Korea. -He is also remembered as one of Korea’s sage kings. One example is that he removed rough edges of penal system. -He expanded boarders towards Yalu and Tumen rivers. The northern border was finally permanently stabilized at the line of the Yalu and Tumen rivers. -The native Korean alphabet was officially promulgated by King Sejong. |
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| - Oda Nobunaga’s top lieutenant of humble birth and assumed command of forces when Oda died and continued reunification of Japan - Adopted into ancient aristocratic fujiwara family. - Published regulations for daimyo conduct, surveyed rice land of all japan and ownership given to Daimyo and himself, and disarmed peasantry through sword hunts. - Wanted to conquer china and launched invasions of korea but failed and he dies in the second invasion. - After his death power shifted to Tokugawa Ieyasu - Significance: o Reorganized the holdings of large, potentially dangerous vassals o Minted coins, prohibited Christianity, gave land to daimyo and himself |
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| Shoen (aristocratic estates) |
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| from 8th to 15th century it was a tax-free field or manor acquired by court aristocrats, one of the most important economic institutions in medieval japan - peasants gave over their lands from old land distribution system to local landholders of Buddhist temples in exchange for lower tax rates - Shoen owners discarded their connection with the central government to cultivate their power over local peasants. - with the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, the power of these local landlords weakened - significance: o undermined political and economic power of the emperor and led to the growth of powerful local clans and rise of a local military class o with the shoen system, virtually no commerce because farmers had no surplus to sell, tax revenues to the government fell o this rise of the provincial upper class led to the rise of a new military elite based on ideals of the bushi or samurai |
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| 1180-1185 war between Minamoto warriors of the east and court based Taira forces in the west. - The Tale of the Heike tells the story of the war. - A bit of a phony war, but nonetheless divided japan between east and west, until 1183 when Minamoto Yoritomo took offensive and dislodged the Taira who retreated west and in climatic naval battle in 1185 the last remains of the Taira were wiped out. - The winner, MInamoto Yoritomo remained in Kamakura and did not move to the imperial capital. - Significance: A great turning point in Japanese history: o Because Yoritomo was pronounced shogun and the Kamakura shogunate was established and it created the Bakufu and moved toward decentralized military rule in the age of the shoguns o it created the Bakufu based in Kamakura which moved towards a centralized military rule with imperial court in Heian o functions of the Bakufu: rewarded Minamoto vassals, handled spoils and disputed claims, meted out justice, maintained order, ensured tax flow to capital, instituted offices of Shugo (provincial military protector) and iito (military estate stewards) o the results of the Gemnei war picked up markets and commerce and chinese coins were imported on a massive scale |
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| military 1Ctent government 1D which was established in Minamoto Yoritomo 19s eastern headquarters at Kamakura - term originally meant the dwelling of a shogun but came to be known as system of government of a feudal military dictatorship - each shogunate was dynamic and power was shifting - Significance: o Beginning of 1Cmedieval japan 1D and saw beginning of samurai control of Japan for 700 years. o Created a 1Cdiarchy 1D with military government In the East and the imperial court in Heian. |
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| He was one of the vassals of the Kamakura Shogunate to defect to the side of the Emperor Go-Daigo, who had chosen to rebel. His mother had been of Hojo descent and he claimed to have been of Minamoto descent. The emperor’s ambition had been an imperial restoration and an elimination of the Shogun rule. The leading warriors, who were being put out to pasture by this arrangement, expelled the Emperor from Kyoto in 1336 under the leadership of Takauji. He proceeded to enthrone an emperor of his choosing and appointed himself as Shogun, thus beginning the Ashikaga Shogunate or the Muromachi period. Warfare would continue between the Northern court (Ashikaga) and the Southern (Go-Daigo). Ashikaga himself even changed sides, after his brother had temporarily gained the upper hand in Kyoto. He killed his brother. He returned the seat of power to Kyoto, but maintained the Shogun supremacy. Kyoto flourished and the shogunate was funded by the growing urban economy. The Shogunate’s control over the countryside beyond Kyoto was never great and so Takauji established family members as provincial governors in attempts to change that. He should be known for his three betrayals: Kamakura, Go-Daigo, his own brother |
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| Was the transfer of supreme power from the emperor who resided at Kyoto (urban), to a Shogun or “great general pacifying the barbarians”. The first was the Kamakura shogunate and the first Shogun was Minamoto Yoritomo. After the Gempei war, which was the Emperor calling for aid against the Taira family, who controlled the court, from the Minamoto family. The government then became a military “tent” government. Yoritomo only claimed direct authority over his network of vassal soldiers. This caused a radical decentralization of power as the Shogun reserved the right to appoint his vassals as estate stewards throughout Japan, thereby solidifying his hold over both the vassals and the land. The result was a narrowing of the gap between elite high culture and ordinary commoners due to the often, rural upbringing of the warriors in control. |
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| Land lords who looked after land territories during the Middle Ages of Japan. Major people of power during the Sengoku Period and the Unification of the states. They were involved with the redistribution of territories during these periods. |
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| -Japan, 1467-1477. Was a civil war during the Muromachi period. -There was a succession dispute between Katsumoto and Sozen that fractured the Shiba, a collateral family within the Ashikaga shogunate, that held constable appointments to several provinces. This provoked the decade long war, fought largely in Kyoto. Much of Kyoto was destroyed. -The Asakura under Toshikage seized control of one of the Shiba provinces, Echizen. They appointed a new constable in 1471, and Toshikage became one of the first Sengoku daimyo and the founder of a family dynasty that ruled Echizen for a century. -Ashikaga shogunate declined in power following the devastation of the war. The Five Mountain system also declined in prestige and lost control of lands, which was the source of its wealth. Important because: -It shattered the shogunate’s hegemony as a central government, and plunged the country into a century of war known as “Age of War in the Provinces”, the warring states period. -Almost all pre-Onin War constable families were overthrown or declined during, and in the aftermath of the war. It ended the process of decentralization and left the Ashikaga and court nobility as mere figureheads -What emerged was a new class of territorial rulers in the provinces, called Sengoku lords (daimyo). These were far more powerful and independent rulers than the pre-Onin war constables. |
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| -Was a Korean naval commander, led many victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon dynasty. -Was given the title of “Naval Commander of the Three Provinces” -Died at the Battle of Noryan 1598, with the Japanese on the verge of being completely expelled from the Korean Peninsula. He remains a hero in Korea. -Had long-term effects on international relations in East Asia |
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