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| Secretary of War under president Lincoln & Johnson. stanton's effective military management in the civil war helped guide the union to victory. when stanton was secretary of war under president andrew johnson, stanton opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States and Johnson tried to fire him. This led the House of Reps to impeach President Johnson |
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| an antebellum American author and abolitionist best known for her 1852 anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. this novel focused public interest on the issue of slavery, and was extremely controversial. it inspired abolitionists to help stamp out slavery, but provoked anger in the South |
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| ardent anti-slavery Senator from Massachusetts. in 1856, Preston Brooks (a congressman from South Carolina), used his cane to beat Sumner on the Senate floor. the caning of Sumner became a symbol in the North of Southern brutality. Sumner was the leader of the Radical Republicans in US Senate during American Civil War Reconstruction. he wanted to punish the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the Freedmen. |
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| elected president after being a hero at the Mexican-American War. he proposed a sectional crisis when he proposed that California & New Mexico be admitted as free states. his sudden death put VP Millard Fillmore into the White House, and Fillmore promptly threw his support behind the Comp of 1850 (which Taylor had opposed) |
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| refers to the controversial debate over the annexation of TX, which occured in the late 1830s and early 1840s, a period which there were 4 different presidents. the issue was really about SLAVERY. the admission of TX, a slave state, to the Union would upset the sectional balance of power in the US senate, just as the admission of Missour threatened years earlier. the Texas Question became a major political issue in presidential campaign of 1844. James Polk, the Democratic candidate who was a major advocate of Manifest Destiny and expansion, ardently supported annexation. before he was even elected, TX was annexed pursuant to a Congressional resolution. |
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| 19th century American author & philosopher during the American Renaissance. he was part of the Trascendentalist movement and influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson. He lived by himself for 2 yrs in a cabin on Walden Pond described in his book Walden. He advocated extreme individualism, living simply, being self-reliant & not being obsessed with money |
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| The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| the pro-US peace treaty that brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Under the terms of the treaty, Mexico ceded to the US- Upper California and New Mexico (Mexican Cession). It significantly expanded the size of the US |
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| slave who escaped freedom and helped other slaves do the same. she is a famous abolitionist and perhaps the most well-known of all the Underground Railroad "conductors." She escorted hundreds of slaves to freedom |
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| occured in 1863 during the Civil War. Grant practiced "total war" by living off the land of Southern civilians around Vicksburg for months and forcing the Confederate troops into the city of Vicksburg. the south was starved into submission. after Grant took Vicksburg, the Confederacy was divided into 2 parts and the Union had control over the Mississippi River. this was a huge blow to the South |
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| an important and eloquent politician from Massachusetts during the 1800s. in his decade-long career, he served in the House and Senate, and was appointed the Secretary of State under 3 presidents. He was a spokesman for manufacturing, modernization, banking and industry. Webster took part in several key US Supreme Court cases which established important constitutional precedents that bolstered the authority of the federal government. He, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun were called the Great Triumvirate. |
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| the 1846 amendment proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot to a House bill that boldy declared slavery would not ever exist in lands won in the Mexican-American War. the Wilmot Proviso created great bitterness b/w anti-slavery North and pro-slavery South. it created sectional conflict and was on the major events leading to the Civil War. |
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| original plan offered by Scott to Lincoln in April-May 1861 to crush the "Southern rebellion." Scott proposed to blockade Southern ports and march down the Mississippi valley with a large army to seal off the South & squeeze it into submission. Lincoln realized that this strategy was a good start, but would not be enough for the North to win the Civil War |
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| town in Virginia where in April 1865 General Robert E. Lee of the South surrendered his army to General Ulysses Grant of the North. The Civil War ended soon thereafter. the end of the CW set the stage for the emergence of an expanded and more powerful Federal government |
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| Missouri Senator before the Civil War who was prominent pro-slavery activist and Border Ruffian leader. He hated Yankees and encouraged violence against abolitionists and other free-staters during the "Bleeding Kansas" era |
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| term used by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune Newspaper to describe the bloody violence b/w pro-slavery and anti-slavery people in the Kansas territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 |
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| was a South Carolina Congressional Representative who in 1856 nearly killed Charles Sumner on the Senate floor because Sumner was ridiculing slaveowners. Brooks was praised across South, but this episode was used by Northerners to depict the Southerners as violent fanatics, thus pushing the nation closer to Civil War. |
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| President Taylor's plan to bring in California & New Mexico as free states created a serious sectional crisis. the anti-slavery states of the North liked this, but the pro-slavery states of the South were outraged. The crisis was solved by The Compromise of 1850 developed by Henry Clay. Under it, Califoria came in as free state, the territories of NM and UT would decide the slavery issue through popular sovereignty, there was a stricter Fugitive Slave Law, & the slave trade in DC was ended. all provisions were originally in just one "Omnibus Bill." Senator Stephen Douglas divided the comp. up into several bills which made it easier to get passed. The Comp. of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do-it kept the nation united--but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade, the country's citizens became further divided over the issue of slavery. |
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| states right advocate that became President of the Confederacy during the Civil War. his personality made him hard to deal with and he was not as able a military leader as Lincoln. he failed to develop an effective comprehensive military strategy |
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| Illinois Senator who dominated the US Senate in the 1850s. he got the Comp. of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 passed. He believed "popular sovereignty" should decide whether a state should be free or slave. He beat Lincoln in a Senate election in Illinois after they engaged in famous debates on the issues of slavery & sectional conflict. Douglas later lost to Lincoln in the 1860 Presidential election |
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| former slave who became one of the great anti-slavery leaders of the 1800s before the Civil War. he was an eloquent speaker and published an abolitionist newspaper called the North Star |
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| aka Dred Scott Decision, was an 1857 Supreme Court ruling that black Africans and their descendants were not citizens protected by the Constitution. Dred Scott Decision also ruled the Missouri Comp. unconstitutional. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass were outraged |
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| The Emancipation Proclamation |
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| issued by President Lincoln during the Civil War and declared that all slaves within the rebelling South were free on January 1, 1863. Although the EP did not apply to all slaves and end slavery, it made Northerners see the CW as a war to create a new nation that stood for liberty, equality and freedom. |
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| famous American author and philosopher from Massachusetts during the 19th century. He was the leader of the American Trascendentalism movement. his TM emphasized: feeling over reason, spiritual communion with nature, and Romantic individualism. he was also an abolitionist. |
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| "54 degrees 40 minutes or Fight!" |
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| James K Polk's pro-expansion politicial slogan during the 1844 Presidential campaign. the latitude line of 54 degrees 40 minutes was the northern border Polk wanted for Oregon. the slogan meant that Polk was in favor of the US's "Manifest Destiny" to expand across the continent to the Pacific and include all of Oregon |
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| last Whig President. He assumed the Presidency when Zachary Taylor died. Fillmore's support of the Comp. of 1850 (opposed by Taylor) and the Fugitive Slave Act was instrumental in getting that legislation passed |
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| group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South (like Barnwell Rhett & Edmund Ruffin) who urged the separation of southern states into a new independent nation after the Comp of 1850 |
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| refers to 100s of people who arrived in CA during 1849 at the height of the California Gold Rush to look for gold. the effects of the Gold Rush included: growth of San Fran., immigration to California, development of California, and the necessity to decide whether California would be a free or slave state. |
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| explored the American west in the 1800s. He helped beat the Mexicans in California during the Mexican War. He was the first candiate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for Pres. in 1856 |
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| American political party created in 1848 that opposed expansion of slavery into western territories. they were upset that the Wilmot Proviso failed to be passed by Congress. FSP's presidential candiate in 1848 was Martin Van Burden, who lost. by 1854, the FSP ended b/c most members had joined the Republican Party |
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| the Union fort in Charleston, SC Harbor on which Confederate artillery opened fire in April 1861. Fort Sumpter surrendered the next day. this was the first battle of the bloody Civil War from 1861-1865 |
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| part of the Comp. of 1850 b/w pro-slavery South and anti-slavery North. one of the most controversial acts of the Comp of 1850. declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters |
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| bloody 3-day battle in 1863 in Gettysburg, PA won by the North that was the turning point of Civil War. it ended Lee's invasion of the North. More men fought and died in Gettysburg than in any other battle in American history |
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| eloquent speech made by President Lincoln to dedicate the cemetry for Union soldiers who had died in the Battle of Gettysburg. in that speech, Lincoln redefined the purpose of the Civil War to be not just a struggle to reunite the Union, but also as a war to bring true equality to all American citizens and ensure that democracy would remain a viable form of government. |
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