Term
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Definition
a black man or
woman who would no
longer be deferential to
whites but who would
display his or her
independence through
talent and determination.
He or she would be assertive
in every field – at work, in
politics, in the military, and
in arts and letters.
As racial discrimination
intensified after the war,
cultural activities took on
special significance.
The world of culture was
one place where blacks
could express their racial
pride and demonstrate their
talent. |
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Term
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Definition
– a feminist ideal
that emerged in the final
decades of the 19th century
in Europe and North
America
It was a reaction to the role,
as characterized by the Cult
of Domesticity, assigned to
women in the Victorian era
The New Woman was to
receive an adequate
education, be financially
independent, participate in
political discussions, decide
her marital and child-
bearing status, wear
comfortable clothes, and
defy convention and social
norms in order to make a
better world for women
The New Woman movement
started to fade away in the
course of the First World
War when, due to a
shortage of “manpower”,
many women took on jobs
and when shortly after the
war, universal suffrage was
achieved |
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Term
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Definition
a black literary
and artistic awakening of
the New York City
neighborhood Harlem
during the 1920s
Black novelists, poets,
painters, sculptors, and
playwrights set about
creating works rooted in
their own culture instead of
imitating the styles of white
Europeans and Americans
Langston Hughes and
Booker T. Washington
were two of the most
famous players in the
movement
Many artists depended on
the support of wealthy
white patrons for their
sustenance |
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Term
National Origins Act – Johnson-Reed
Act |
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Definition
1924
Yearly quota of 165,000
immigrants from countries
outside the Western
Hemisphere, reducing total
immigration to only 20
percent of the prewar
annual average
Certain groups were
considered racially
superior so a formula was
included to determine the
annual immigrant quota
for each foreign country:
2% of the total number of
immigrants from that
country already resident in
the US in the year 1890!
Dictated immigration policy
until 1965 |
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Term
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Definition
Decided July 21,
1925, a watershed in the
creation-evolution
controversy that pitted
lawyers William Jennings
Bryan and Clarence
Darrow against each other
Backed by the ACLU, John
Scopes, a 24-year-old
teacher in Dayton,
Tennessee, confessed to
teaching evolution in
schools, breaking the
Butler Act, a Tennessee
law passed earlier in the
year that forbade the
teaching of evolution in
schools
Darrow called Bryan to the
stand as an expert on the
Bible, drilling him with
questions, prodding at the
historical inaccuracy of it
Because this was found to be
irrelevant to the trial, the
judge discontinued the
questioning after two hours
of it and expunged it from
the record.
Darrow declined any closing
arguments for the defense
and because of a Tennessee
law, forfeited those of the
prosecution
He was found guilty and
was ordered to pay a $100
fine
Bryan died a week after the
case
As a result of this trial,
publishers quietly removed
references to Darwin from
their science textbooks, a
policy that would remain in
force until the 1960s. In
this respect, the
fundamentalists had scored
a significant victory |
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Term
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Definition
– the new Klan was
created in 1915 by William
Simmons, a white
southerner who had been
inspired by D.W. Griffith’s
racist film, Birth of a
Nation
Its ideological focus had
expanded from a loathing
of blacks to a hatred of
Jews and Catholics as well.
By 1924, am many as 4
million Americans are
thought to have belonged to
the Klan, including the
half-million members of its
female auxiliary, Women
of the Ku Klux Klan. |
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Term
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Definition
Passed in May 1935
Required the states to set up
welfare funds from which
money would be disbursed
to the elderly poor, the
unemployed, unmarried
mothers with dependent
children, and the disabled
Provided a sturdy foundation
on which future presidents
and congresses would
erect the American welfare
state
Two Supreme Court Rulings
affirmed the
constitutionality of the
Social Security Act |
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Term
| Supreme Court Packing Plan |
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Definition
Proposed February 5, 1937
Asked Congress for the
power to add one new
Supreme Court justice for
every member on the court
who was older than 70 and
had served for at least 10
years.
Purpose: to prevent the
dismantling of the New
Deal
Major opposition
When Justice Owen Roberts
reversed his opinion on the
New Deal and approved the
Wagner Act and Social
Security Act, Roosevelt
allowed the court-reform to
die in Congress
Legacy: Roosevelt’s
reputation suffered |
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Term
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Definition
Sharp economic
downturn of 1937-1938
Result: many conservative
Democrats and
Republicans were elected
in the 1938 elections
Recession ended in 1939 |
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Term
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Definition
– A non-
aggression treaty between
the German Third Reich
and the Soviet Union, the
bitterest of enemies
Signed in Moscow on
August 23, 1939
In it, the agreed to cooperate
in carving up territory,
dividing Poland and the
Baltic states
Lasted until Operation
Barbarossa in 1941 when
Nazi Germany invaded the
Soviet Union |
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Term
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Definition
States’ Rights Democrat
Party that broke from the Democratic Party in 1948
They opposed racial
integration and supported Jim
Crow laws
Presidential candidate Strom Thurman carried 4 states in the 1948 presidential election
Party dissolved after 1948
election |
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Term
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Definition
named after
John Maynard Keynes, a
British economist who had
been its most forceful
advocate
Run by the theory of
underconsumptionism, that
consumer demand drives
the economy
FDR turned to Keynesian
economics late into the
Great Depression and
passed the Second New
Deal |
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Term
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Definition
– North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Formed in April 1949
Military alliance between
US, Canada and 10
European nations
An attack against one would
automatically be
considered an attack
against all
Soviet Union suggested it
should join in 1954,
ultimately rejected |
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Term
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Definition
July 24, 1959
An impromptu debate
between Richard Nixon and
Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev at the opening
of the American National
Exhibit in Moscow
They discussed communism
vs. capitalism
Took place in the kitchen of
a house that was supposed
to show off all the
wonderful things that
America could make.
Most Americans believe that
Nixon won the debate |
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Term
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Definition
Dec. 7, 1941
Oahu, Hawaii
Surprise Japanese air and
submarine attack
Brought the US into WWII |
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Term
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Definition
June 6, 1944
Allied invasion of
Normandy, France
Codenamed Operation
OVERLORD
More than 1 million people
landed, secured the
Normandy coast, and
opened the second front
Turned the tide of the war in
the West |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed by
Secretary of State under
Harry S. Truman, George
Marshall
Signed into law April 3,
1948
Provided funds to Western
European countries to carry
out a program of postwar
reconstruction
Eventually donated $12.4
billion in aid over the four
years of the plan
Helped undermine the
appeal of communist
parties in Western Europe |
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Term
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Definition
June 24, 1948
Under Truman
The Soviets blockaded
access to the Western-held
sectors of Berlin by way of
railroad, highway, and
water route
The following day, a
massive airlift was
launched to fly supplies
into the Western-held
section of Berlin
250,000 flights were logged
supplying 2 million tons to
the city’s residents
Blockade lifted May 11,
1949
Supplies continued into
West Berlin for over a year
West Berlin survived as an
enclave tied to the West,
standing as a symbol of the
Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
Legislation first
introduced by Lyndon B.
Johnson during his State of
the Union address on
January 8, 1964.
Proposed in response to the
difficult economic
conditions associated with
a national poverty rate of
around 19 percent
Prodded by Johnson,
Congress created the Office
of Economic Opportunity
(OEO) which was
responsible for
administering most of the
War of Poverty programs
including VISTA, Job
Corps, and Head Start
In the decade following the
1964 introduction of the
war on poverty, poverty
rates in the U.S. dropped to
11.1% and has stayed
between 11 and 15% ever
since |
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Term
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Definition
Lasted from
October 14, 1962-
October 28, 1962
October 14, 1962, U.S.
The Soviet Union began sending sophisticated weapons to Cuba
After U.S. spy-plane flights showed missile-launching sites in Cuba, the Kennedy administration announced it would not allow the USSR to place nuclear weapons so close to American soil. It demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile silos and turn back supply ships, perhaps containing warheads, then heading for Cuba. After strategy sessions with advisers, Kennedy rejected a military strike against Cuba that might have taken the United States and the USSR to war. Instead, he ordered the U.S. Navy to quarantine the island. Meanwhile, both sides engaged in secret diplomatic maneuvers to
forestall such a catastrophe.
Khrushchev agreed to
dismantle the missiles and
send supply ships home. Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba and secretly agreed to complete the withdrawal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, which underscored the risk of being drawn into nuclear conflict, made the superpowers more cautious. |
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Term
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Definition
Established by JFK by
executive order March 1,
1961
Program sent Americans,
especially young people, to
nations around the world to
work on development
projects that might
undercut communism’s
appeal
By 1966, the Peace Corps
reached an all-time
high 15,000 members |
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Term
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Definition
1962
The founding manifesto of
the American student
activist movement:
Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS)
Written primarily by Tom
Hayden at an SDS
convention in Port Huron,
Michigan
Served as the handbook for a
generation of student
activists |
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Term
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Definition
Educator,
author, and leader of the
African-American
Community
Represented the last
generation of black leaders
born into slavery
He accepted segregation as a
temporary accommodation
between the races in return
for white support of black
efforts for education, social
uplift, and economic
progress.
Criticized by NAACP leaders
including W.E.B. DuBois,
who labeled him “the great
accommodator” |
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Term
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Definition
first
African-American to
serve on the Supreme
Court
Appointed by LBJ
As a lawyer had 29
Supreme Court victories
out of 32, including
Brown v. Board of
Education |
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Term
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Definition
–
In the fall of 1957, the
NAACP attempted to
integrate the all-white Little
Rock Central High School
Nine African-American
students were to be the first
admitted
To appease his constituents,
then governor of Arkansas,
Orval Faubus, deployed the
state National Guard to
block the desegregation
In response, Eisenhower put
the Arkansas National
Guard under federal control
and augmented it with
members of the U.S. Army.
Then black students,
escorted by armed troops,
finally entered Central High |
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Term
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Definition
A leader of the “Black
Power” movement
Member of the Nation of
Islam, a North American-
based group popularly
known as the “Black
Muslims”
Never called for violent
confrontation, but he did
endorse self-defense “by
any means necessary”
Called for renewed pride in
African-American culture,
a recapturing of heritage
and identity
Eventually broke from the
Nation of Islam,
establishing his own
Organization of Afro-
American Unity
He was murdered in 1965 by
enemies from the Nation of
Islam
Was a symbol of militant
politics and renewed pride
in African-American
culture |
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Term
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Definition
An African-
American organization
founded to promote civil
rights and self-defense.
The organization initially
espoused a doctrine calling
for armed resistance to
societal oppression in the
interest of African-
American justice
Founded in October 1966 by
Huey P. Newton and
Bobby Seale in Oakland,
California
Accepted black
members exclusively
Their political goals are
often overshadowed by
their confrontational and
even militaristic tactics |
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Term
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Definition
term used by
president Nixon in a 1969
speech.
Refers to the large number of
people who do not voice their
opinion publicly
It referred to those who did not
participate in the large
protests against the Vietnam
War |
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Term
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Definition
January 1968
Started on Vietnamese
Holiday, during planned
cease-fire
National Liberation Front
and North Vietnamese
Forces attacked
Americans started
changing views on the war
Protest movement picked up Johnson did not seek re-election
Widely seen as the
turning point of the
Vietnam War |
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Term
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Definition
May 4, 1970
Kent, OH
Protest against American invasion in Cambodia
Ohio Nat’l Guard
4 killed
9 wounded
Further polarized war-related passions |
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Term
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Definition
Published in 1963
Written by Betty Friedan
Widely credited for
helping spark a new
phase of the feminist
movement
Provided social criticism
of the late ‘50s,
articulating
dissatisfaction many
middle-class women felt
about the narrow
confines of domestic
life and the lack of
public roles available
to them |
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Term
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Definition
The first president
of South Vietnam
An anti-communist Catholic
who had been educated in
the United States
As time passed, Diem grew
more and more isolated
from his own people and
increasingly dependent on
U.S. support.
In response, in 1960 the
National Liberation Front
(NLF) formed
U.S. “allowed” him to be
assassinated in 1963,
bringing a military regime
into power in Saigon,
breeding even greater
political instability than
before |
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Term
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Definition
Sec’y of State under Nixon and Ford
Harvard graduate
Pioneered strategy of
détente with Soviet Union
Normalized relations with
China
Disengaged from direct
military involvement in
SE Asia and other parts
of the world |
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Term
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Definition
a 1972 break-in at the
Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. by member of Richard Nixon administration and the resulting cover-up which led to the resignation of the President
Made Nixon the only U.S.
President to ever have
resigned from the office |
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