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Definition
Us sees no reason to get involved, no benefit to and could trade with both sides
WWI forces the United States to grow up
Progressivism starts to die off
US concerned about democracy
Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand sparks conflict/war
Russia and Austria-Hungary had often been in conflict over who got to own the Balkans |
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Definition
France, Russia, Great Britain, Japan, and Italy
Triple en tante |
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Germany, Austria Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria
German miscalculations draw US in
Germans are first to use chemical warfare in the form of mustard gas
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Term
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Definition
produced unprecedented numbers of casualties, anyone venturing out into no man’s land was to be shot
The Western front = narrow area of land in France where Central and Allied powers squared off for four years-crisscrossed by trenches
Each side had there trenches, and between the two was “no man’s land”
German had better trenches
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Term
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Definition
the submarine, or undersea boat, new and effective weapon
International rules of warfare stated that you had to give an enemy ship the chance to surrender; the German u-boats did not have the ability to give such a warning, so they chose to simply blow ships out of the water |
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German u-boat sinks a British passenger ship called the Lusitanian without warning, 128 American citizens
To the world, and especially Americans, this was final proof of the evil intentions of the central powers
huge amounts of outrage against the central powers, especially the Germans
British were using passenger ships such as the Lusitania to smuggle ammunition out of Britain |
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Wilson decides to start building up the US army and navy?
Won by large margins
Wilson was supposed to keep us out of the war |
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a telegram from Germany to Mexico, intercepted by the British and presented to the US;
it was a proposal to Mexico saying that, if they joined the central powers and invade the US, then upon the end of this war we will ensure that you will regain all the land lost in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1849:
for some Americans, this was a very real possibility as relations between America and Mexico were quite strained |
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Term
| Wilson's request for declaration of war |
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Definition
April 6, 1917: Wilson gets his Declaration of War from Congress, but it was not unanimous; 6 senators and 50 members of the House all voted against going to war; so some dissension within the solid majority
He wanted involved in peace process
Idealistic speech about makes changes |
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Term
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Definition
The influence of the progressive era in how smoothly it went
Implements the draft, we needed forces
Well run progressive era influence
40 millions men in the army (3 million were drafted)
300,000 draft resisters
Conscientious drafters |
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Term
| American forces in Europe |
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Definition
end of the war, 2 million American soldiers in France; 50000 died in battle; 60000 died from disease; all saw some form of fighting
head of the American Expeditionary Forces
headed up mainly untrained men, so by June 1917 there are only about 15 thousand in France (drop in the bucket)
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Term
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Definition
No alcohol consumption allowed in the army/navy
Reforming Progressives and eradicating Venereal disease
Intelligence tests for the first time |
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Term
| War a progressive enterprise |
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Definition
the progressives helped the us by controlling the war a bit
Reforms
Social reforms in ethics in military
ALL of this is temporary (Nation war labor board), and as soon as the war ends, everything goes back to the way it was, and even some Progressive bills were also rolled back; so in terms of power, the 20’s were actually a time of regression for these people |
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Term
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Definition
Low levels jobs
Army were desperate, so they let the black troops fight
Better fighting and after that had better treatment
No metal of honors in WWI
Croix de Guerre: French gives metals
they fight side-by-side with the French and do spectacularly
Come back with new outlook, don’t want segregation anymore |
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| Government never actually takes over the economy, just encourages voluntary efforts |
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Herbert Hoover
Publicized the need to support the troops
No rationing, all voluntary
lots of push to have a meatless day, a wheat less day, grow a garden, raise a pig in the backyard; all to help the war effort |
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Suspending regulations on business
Headed by Bernard Baruch, big man on Wall street; got big business and working class on board |
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| National Ware labor board |
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Definition
created to get working class on board
Gave workers want they’ve wanted (8 hour day, rights); BUT they give up the right to strike
Give up right to strike
Headed by Samuel Gompers- also head of AFL
Minority workers get an advantage
Certain types of workers, like WOMEN and blacks, were also given the chance to better their working conditions and get better wages |
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German propaganda stressed strength and will
Allied powers relied on historical ties and took advantages of german atrocities |
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Term
| Committee on Public Info. George Creel |
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Definition
headed by a former muckraking journalist from Denver named George Creel: on the importance of works on the war
the idea behind this was that the CPI would educate Americans about how important democracy was,
How important Americans are to ensuring the protection of democracy,
How well US troop were doing on the war front,
How successful Americans were on the home front;
It was all supposed to be very POSITIVE
Used Terrible stories
Created Climate of suspicion
Slogan: 100% Americanism
Not anyone Central power-American
demonizing of the enemy |
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Term
| Espionage Act & Sedition Act |
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Definition
Eugene Debs arrest
Criticism could put you in prison
Essentially made it illegal to say anything negative about America, the war, etc |
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Term
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Definition
How the world will change after the war
1. Open covenants of Open Arrival
2. Ethnic Self-determination
3. League of Nations
4. Global Open Door policy
5. Peace w/out victory
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Term
| American Protecting League |
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Definition
saw the rise of Vigilante groups
one of the most famous, 250000 strong |
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Term
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Definition
What goes wrong?
No inclusive open air decision making
Not include Peace commission- ignores Sen. Henry Cabot lodge
Not including republicans
Ethic self-determination was a success
Dissolving the colony system didn’t work
Does get the league of nations into the treaty
No free trade
Wilson says don’t negotiate, democrats don’t have the vote
Takes the treaty to the American people
Says the people need to convince congress
Has a stroke
His wife and advisors cloak his advising
United States doesn’t sign the treaty of Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
Crazy media circus
Scopes on trial for teaching Evolutionary theory |
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Term
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Definition
Rural, south or west people
First to use the term: fundamentalists- believe in traditional Christian beliefs
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Term
| Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer |
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Definition
The new enemy is Russia and communism
Episodes of violence
Small groups of communism in America
A. Mitchell Palmer
Progressive that had narrow view of an American
Only some of US was really american
Many people deported
More than 4000 communists jailed
Conducted Raids
Major Raid: And only 6 pistols found
Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize Russia
Pacificism and Isolationism
Not wanting to get involved in anymore conflicts
Huge rise in peace organizations
Kellog Briand Pact
Saw war as bad
No way to enforce it
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Term
| 1924 National origins Quota act |
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Definition
Based on the original country they came from and how many they would let in
Going back to the 1890 census: small quota
Divided loyalties |
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Term
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Definition
Source: temperance movement, leftover of progress era, medical community: public health, the war banning alcohol,
¾ was already under local prohibition
2% of gross national product was bootlegged alcohol
Alcohol consumption did go down, but still very widespread
Organized crime expands exponentially
Few enforcement officials |
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Term
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Definition
Automobiles become affordable for all
Electricity is wide spread: 2/3 had electricity
Labor saving devices
-Women spend more time cleaning and cooking
Movies and Radio |
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Term
| Automobile, ford, gm, changes in american life |
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Definition
Assembly lines make more cars
High pay, to encourage automobiles purchase
people wait for months for these jobs
Fort wanted to improve all their lives
Ford
General Motors
-Sloan
-Planned obsolescence
-Different styles and colors
Tourism becomes affordable
Buying on credit |
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Term
| Struggles between modernism and traditionalism |
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Definition
Modernism: people who embrace the big changes of the 1920’s
-People were going on dates, alone
-Urban lifestyle
Traditionalists (some are just anti-modernism): don’t like the direction the US is taking |
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Term
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Definition
F. Scott Fitz Gerald
Unhappy with how things are going
Some left America, some didn’t
Hated consumerism |
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Term
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Definition
Attacked anyone who didn’t fit their ideal
Keepers of old fashion values and morals
Family affair |
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Definition
Growing middle class black and white
Black culture becomes trendy
Explosion of creativity |
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Term
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Definition
Wanted to get rid of the problem associated with their group
Moving out
Marcus Garvey
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First expression of nationalism in the United States
Created UNIA |
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