--The "old" immigration had to do with people from places like England, France, Ireland, Whales, etc. These people looked very similar to Americans and shared many of the same cultural foundations, so when they came here, they were able to adapt well to the country.

--The "new" immigration came from places like Eastern Europe and Asia (Japan, China, India, Italy, etc.). They didn't look very similar to the Americans already here, had completely different backgrounds and foundations than many Americans, and had a really hard time assimilating into the American culture.

--Several things resulted from the change in immigration:

     1. nativism

     2. violence toward immigration groups

     3. restrictions on immigration

     4. urbanization

--Industrial Revolution, Education, Technology, Railroads, Immigration, etc.

-- Problems/ Negatives of urbanization

   1. Crime

   2. Disease and ailment

   3. Slums become more crowded and dirtier

   4. Flop houses become big

Religion- was increasing in diversity, Christian Scientists, Salvation army, by 1900 over 150 different groups--modernists and fundamentalists

Education-public schools began to expand, "normal" schools were developed, kindergartens came about, adult ed. became big with the Chautauqua Movement, blacks began to become more educated, the illiteracy rate was cut in half

Artistically and Culturally- we lagged behind Europe BIG TIME, but we were beginning to narrow the gap in things like music, sculpture, painting, literature, architecture, etc.

Bicycling and Croquet

The travelling circus, wild west shows, baseball, football, and basketball all became big things during this time as well.

1. From an agricultural point of view, some of the least attractive parts of the West were settled

2. Improvements in transportation and communication-- the telegraph was made big and the Union Pacific Railroad was used heavily during that time (killed off pony express and stagecoaches).

3. The growth and evolution of government- governments went from the law of the mining camp to eventually being territorial and statehood governments.

4. Indian wars in the West (Over 950 separate wars with the Indians).

1864. After the Cheyenne-Arapaho Wars were over, the Indians sued for peace. Chivington gets together a group of territorial militia men and leads them into battle against the defeated indians. They killed over 500 Indians.

Chivington's motto was: "Kill and scalp all, big and little. Gnits make lice."  

1. There was a need for cheap fencing

2. There was a need for better farm equipment and machinery

3. There was a need for better farming techniques and methods

4. There was a need for a new land law

5. Indians 

(Referrence to: What obstacles prevented The Great Plains from being occupied and heavily settled prior to the 1870-1890 time period?)

How were these obstacles overcome? (Be sure to review the Morrill Act and the Homestead Act.)

1. The need for new fencing was solved when barbed wire was invented by Joseph Glidden in 1874.

2. The need for better farming equipment was fulfilled by things like the chilled steel plow, the sulky gang plow, the grain drill, hay loaders, twine binders, and headers.

3. The need for better farming methods and techniques was taken care of with things like irrigation and the invention of dry farming, where they would dig deeply enough to get the moisture from deep in the soil and then cover that with dust or mulch.

4. The need for new land was met with the Morrill Act of 1862- that gave free land to any state that would set up agriculture and mechanical schools- and the Homestead Act of 1862- that said that every actual head of the household who was an American citizen, or had declared the intent to become and American citizen,  could claim up to 160 acres of land for free if they would stay on the land for 5 years and make improvements on it.

1. Railroads

2. Overwhelming numbers against them

3. Superior weapons of the whites

4. White man's diseases

5. Firewater

**6. The virtual extermination of buffalo/bison 

In 1890 the director of the Federal Census announced that there was no longer a discernable frontier line in America. This became known as the "closing of the frontier."

This worried a lot of people because 1. there would no longer be a frontier safety valve and 2. there was a realization that natural resources are limited and are exhaustible

This was a political movement that started in the 1890's that would produce a third party. At the heart of populism was the discontented and depressed farmer. -- In the 1860's Oliver Kelley forms the Patrons of Husbandry which becomes known as the Grange and in the 1870's the Grange forms the Farmer's Cooperatives. The F.C. eventually becomes the Northern and Southern Farmers' Alliances. In 1892 these two groups get together with the Greenbacks Labor Party in Omaha, NE and form the populist party.

Goals of the populist party:

1. they want more money in circulation, 2. they want a deliberate inflation of the economy, 3. they want unlimited and free coinage of silver, 4. they want restrictions on immigration, 5. they want government ownership of telephones, telegraphs, and railroads. 6. they want an 8-hour workday and extra pay for anything over 40 hours a week, 7. they want graduated income tax, 8. they want a direct election of U.S. senators, 9. some wanted female suffrage, and 10. some favored postal savings banks

Rep: Benjamin Harrison

Dem: Grover Cleveland

Pop: Gen. James B. Weaver

Cleveland wins 277 to 145 to 22

(Important because the pop. got 22 e.c. votes and over 1,000,000 popular votes)

Cleveland becomes the only U.S. president to serve non-consecutive terms

Rep: William McKinley

Dem: William James Bryan

(He gets the nomination with his "cross of gold" speech in which he said "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" meaning that everyone is being killed by gold usage. He was a young, vibrant speaker from NE.)

McKinley campaigns with the front porch method, Bryan campaigns with the swing around the circle method.)

McKinley wins 271 to 176 with over 600,000 lead in pop. vote

Rematch between

Rep: William McKinley (V.P. Teddy Roosevelt)

Dem: Willaim James Bryan

Issue: Imperialism

Outcome: McKinley sweeps this election 292 to 155

Rep: Teddy Roosevelt

Dem: Alton B. Parker

(The Democrats didn't want to put William James Bryan in the election again because they knew he would lose to Roosevelt who was pretty much guaranteed to win the election because of his popularity and leadership already.)

Outcome: Roosevelt wins 336 to 140

1. Spanish-American War

2. Industrial Revolution

3. Missionaries

4. Jingoes (those in favor of imperialism)

5. Mahan's Book

6. Closing of the frontier

The Silver Purchase Act

The Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Causes:

1. The Farm Slump

2. A European Recession

3. Over-Speculation (always the biggest reason)

Details:

8,000 businesses failed within the first 6 months, 600 banks and 74 railroads closed in the first year, and 4,000,000 Americans ended up unemployed in year one--the government didn't do anything to try to help solve the problem because Cleveland was Lassiez Faire (hands-off). He did try to ease the burden by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, instating the Gold Purchase, and lowering the tariff. These things did more harm than good.

This dispute was really between British Guianna and Venezuela. They had a long-time argument going on about the boundary that divided their two nations. The situation became complicated when gold was found in the area of the disputed boundary. Venezuela says that they will submit the dispute to arbitration, but B.G. doesn't like that plan. in 1895 Cleveland says that B.G./England are violatinig the Monroe Doctrine and they better straighten up or else there will be grave consequences. B.G. doesn't think MD is being violated, but Cleveland says they will appoint a boundary commission to decide where the boundary will be, because of a Boer War developing in Northern Africa, B.G. submits to arbitration. In the end, B.G. gets most of the land.

Results: 1. America's prestige rose in European eyes, 2. it strengthened the Monroe Doctrine, 3. U.S./English relationship improved dramatically, 4. Latin America began to view the U.S. with suspicion

Two days after the queen says that she will submit to the requests of McKinley (April 11), McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain. Congress declares war on Spain 7 days later (April 19) but will only declare war with the Teller Amendment in effect.

The U.S. took Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

1. It was a short war with low casualties and remarkably successful despite U.S. mistakes.

2. The U.S. aquires territories.

3. There is an increase in imperialism in the U.S.

4. There is increased nationalism

5. The image of the U.S. militarily will increase in the Far East.

6. The U.S. is now viewed as a world power.

7. The bloody chasm between the North and the South is further healed.

8. The secretary of war Russel Alger is gone and Elihu Root has taken his place.

9. There was a partial victory over disease.

10. The theories of Alfred Thayer Mahan were proven.