Term
|
Definition
•Spanish Sufi educated mystic who wrote The Meccan Revelations which developed his doctrine of unity of being, in which God was transcendent
•Caused Sufi discourse, concentrating on his concept of unity of being and on the problems of reconciling his vision of God’s relationship to the material world with that of the Koran, mostly through poetry.
believed that humans were as equally important to God - caused a rift in Sufism |
|
|
Term
Sayed Ahmad Khan - 1817-1998 |
|
Definition
•an Indian educator and politician, and an Islamic reformer and modernist
•promoted Western-style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organizing Muslim intellectuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Second largest denomination of Islam after Sunni. Shiites follow Ali and believe he and his descendants, Imams, have spiritual and political authority over the community.
•Believe that Ali was the first rightful successor of Muhammad, thus rejecting the first 3 caliphates
•Sunnis and Shias do not accept one another’s hadiths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Largest, oldest, and arguably most influential Islamist transnational organization founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna
•Involved in social and charitable work along with political movements despite ban in Egypt (run for office as Independents).
•Opposes violence to achieve goals with exception of small secretive terrorist apparatus, unknown 2 most Brothers |
|
|
Term
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
o Developed into an organization by the 1930’s
o Before this, Islam was carried by the ulama
o Mass organization – could turn out people in the streets for mass public meetings and protests
o Youth organization – similar to boy scouts
· Para military
· Used for security |
|
Definition
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
o Hasan al-Banna (1906-49)
· First General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
· Refused to turn the brotherhood into a political party
|
|
|
Term
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
o The thing that made them popular was their social and charitable work
· Important in societies where the government doesn’t deliver the necessary means for survival
|
|
Definition
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
· Raised money to establish free primary schools for children, night schools for adult education, clinics, and provided loans for many – all with a sound or the Muslim Brotherhood
· Acting out one of the pillars of Islam – giving
|
|
|
Term
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
o 1940’s – Secret Apparatus
· Terrorist organization
· Weapons training and armament
· Most members had no idea that this was around
· Discovered in 1938
· Police rounded up several thousand Muslim Brothers and put them in jail |
|
Definition
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
· One member was not picked up and assassinated the Prime Minister
¨ The police then assassinated al-Banna in response
· There was an attempt to rebuild, but another assassination in 1954 made them go quiet again |
|
|
Term
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
o Early 1970’s it was allowed to operate above ground
· Not a legal organization, but people knew it was there and did nothing about it
· In order to establish yourselves as an organization you have to follow guidelines and apply for it
|
|
Definition
Muslim Brotherhood - Additional Information
· They have meetings, a newspaper, announcements, and run candidates as parliament – run as Independents
¨ “Islam is the solution” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Cousin of Muhammad and ruled over Islamic Caliphate from 656-661. His role in Islam split the Ulama into the Sunni and Shia braches
•Sunni Muslims view him as fourth and final of rightly guided caliphs
•Shia Muslims view him as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors of Muhammad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Second President of Egypt and symbol of Arab nationalism
•led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, over throwing the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan and heralding a new period of modernization, and socialist reform in Egypt
•Under his control Egypt nationalized the Seuz Canal and came to play a central role in anti-imperialism efforts in the Arab World and Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Well-known for his nationalist policies and version of pan-Arabism (also referred to as Nasserism) which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Although his status as "leader of the Arabs" was severely tarnished by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six Day War |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•The “Father of the Turks”
•He led the the struggle to found the modern Turkish state which became a republic in 1923
•Helped the new Turkish government push through a sweeping program of reforms which aimed at turning the country into a modern secular nation-state on western lines, no official language because of him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•“All India Muslim League”
•Called for a separate Muslim nation in 1940 because Indian Muslims did not want to conform with Hinduism
•Muhammad Iqbal was one of the first leaders and he encouraged creation for a separate Muslim states
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•“The Struggle for Truth”
•Legal reasoning by analogy and syllogism
•The goals is not to make laws, but to understand or to find that they already exist within the Quran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•“Battle of Karbala”
•Battle between the grandson of the Prophet, Husayn who set out from Mecca to challenged Umayyad rule and Yazid
•Husayn was killed and is now celebrated as a martyr which is commemorated during the annual 10-day period of Ashura |
|
|
Term
Muhammad Iqbal: 1875-1938 |
|
Definition
•Indian modernist and poet who made an ambitious attempt to rethink Muslim principles in the light of contemporary experience
•Aimed to build bridges between Islam and western knowledge and eventually between Islam and the modern nation-state
•Encouraged the creation of an Indian Islamic state for Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Shah of Iran
•Under his regime the sharia became the law of the land – he was known as the Supreme Leader (highest ranking political and religious authority) |
|
|
Term
Warithuddin (Wallace Deen) Muhammad
1975-1976 |
|
Definition
•Took over the Nation of Islam after his father Elijah Muhammad and changed the doctrines
•Led the Nation of Islam to merge with mainstream Islam to form the American Society of Muslims (1976-2003)
•Became a respected religious leader of the country, even in white circles and among members of Congress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Official philosophical foundation in Indonesia
•Compromised of 5 principles - created by Sukarno
1. Belief in the one and only God
2. Just and civilized humanity
3. The unity of Indonesia
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives
5. Social justice for all the people of Indonesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885), “the Sudanese Mahdi”
•Ahmad lead the Mahdiyya movement in West Africa
•He believed that any deviation of the Qur’an was heresy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Egyptian jurist and one of the founders of the Egyptian national movement and Cairo University
•Early advocate of women’s rights in Egyptian society (wrote 2 books on it)
- Said women should be freed from seclusion so that they can develop intellectually in order to bring up nation’s children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Swahili language of E. Africa
•The Swahili coast
-Portuguese, 15th c.
•Omani domination, 18th-19th c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•20th century lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan
•served as leader of the All-India Muslim League
•At the Lahore Conference in 1940, he calls for creation of “Pakistan” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•1st president of Indonesia and created Pancasila.
•Sukarno became a leader of a pro-independence party, Partai Nasional Indonesia, when it was founded in 1927.
•He opposed imperialism and capitalism because he thought both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•One of the original leaders of Nation of Islam, believed that black people were the original people of the world.
•He had differences with the head of the group which led him to leave it
•Then became a Sunni Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Shah Ismail I (r.1501-1514) - Iran - Founder of the Safavid Dynasty that imposed “Twelver Shiism” to defend against Sunni regimes
•Imposed Shia faith which caused conflict with the neighboring Ottomans and Uzbekis
•Rebuilt capital city and regained territories along with developing a renowned silk industry and gaining tribal supporters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Muhammad Ibn Al-Wahhab (1703-1787) preached a puritanical doctrine , rejecting Arabian Folk Islam as well as sufi beliefs
• Joined Forces with minor Chief Ibn Saud and made Riyadh their capital
-This Wahhabi Movement stimulated reformist movements both in the Arabian Peninsula and elsewhere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Established in the early 1800s by Uthman dan Fodio in northern Nigeria as a product of the Fulani Jihad that took place across (modern day) Northern Nigeria and was inspired by Sufi Revival
•Promoted Scholarship across the Caliphate
•The most populous Empire in West Africa that disintegrated in the 1890s and fell to French and British Colonial Armies in 1903 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Founded in New Jersey by Noble Drew Ali in 1913, it was the first of the African-American Muslim organizations.
•They tended to be syncretistic and combined elements of Christianity and Judaism with Islam.
•Of their teachings, they believed that Muhammad was a reincarnation of Jesus and Drew Ali was a reincarnation of Muhammad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•He was an Egyptian reformer and student of Jamal al-Din “al-Afghani”. Likewise, Abduh had a student, Muhammad Rashid Rida.- Egypt
• He advocated “ijtihad” (independent interpretation), two examples of which were his stance on polygamy (treat all wives fairly, if you cannot do that, only marry one) andrepresentative government (shura). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•This form of law was imposed in British-held India over the local populations.
It drew its sources from Islamic texts (such as the Koran) and practices.
it was easier for the British to rule over them within their own laws than to try and rule them with British laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•This was an idea of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt founded by Sayyid Qutb in 1928.
•This idea stemmed from the belief that Islam was a socio-political system and could govern both state and people’s lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•They are a group of people that developed in the 8th and 9th centuries that beleive in the metaphorical meanings of the Koran but not the literal meanings.
•Their beliefs include basing interpretations on reasoning and intellect and include the claims that god cannot be seen and Only good, not evil, can be issued from god, Quran was created not written down and only souls, not bodies will be resurrected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Great jurist, theologian and Sufi who wrote a powerful book that empowered Sufism throughout Sunnism
•He is one of most celebrated scholars in Sunni Islamic thought due to shifting Islamic beliefs from a mere metaphysical stance to a philosophical stance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Colleges teaching the study and propagation of the Sunni version of Islamic law
• The introduction of madrasa led to an increase in experts in Islam
• It is a major Islamic institution in which it's entire basis was for learning, not for a degree or money
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Founded in North India in 1867
• modern, westernized schools less focused on Islamic beliefs and more focused on math and sciences, Established 8934 schools within a century - attacked the logic and philosophy in the madrasas
• Considered to be within the confines of Sunni Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Ahmed Rushdie, writer of The Satanic Verses (1988)
Satanic Verses - the prophets wives names were used to imply that they were prositutes
• Created great controversy including a fatwa (mass message put out for people to follow) issued by Ayatollah Khomeini then calling for his death
• Lead to cease of diplomatic relations between Iran and UK |
|
|
Term
| Islamic Society of North America - 1982 |
|
Definition
• Largest muslim organization in North America
• Purpose is to unify Islamic organization and contribute to the betterment of the Muslim community and society. |
|
|
