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| Handpicked successor of Richelieu also a Cardinal but Italian rather than French, who ruled in the place of child Louis XIV until his death; Louis indulged the old man though he was fit |
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| Dynasty started by Henry IV of France locked in conflict with the Habsburgs for supremacy on the continent; it still exists as the ruling house of Spain |
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| Site of a treaty that ended the thirty years war and confirmed the divison of Germany into more than 300 tiny states which prevented German unification until the 19th century |
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| Historians have made him more of a westernizer than he deserves but he did import western technology into Russia, built a nacy and established contacts with his 'window to the West' |
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| The Louvre was a fine place in Paris but Louis XIV had more ambitious plans that involved coopting the nobility by bringing them to live with him at court; and so he built this huge palace |
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| Master of light and darkness during the Baroque; great depths of feeling are revealed in works like the Night Watch and numerous self-portraits; he was too poor to hire models |
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| A relatively small country (a march to be technical) surrounding the small city of Berlin that acquired Prussia and started on the road to greatness led by Fredrick William the Great Elector |
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| Named "the Greek" because those in Spain could not pronounce his name, he is best known of the "mannerist" artists who painted int he style of Michelangelo |
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| Completed Saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican and designed the vast colonnade enclosing the piazza in front of it; also the creator of the striking sculpture of Ecstasy of St. Theresa |
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| Considered the greatest of all English playwrights during the Elizabethan age, he was the son of a glovemaker from Stratford-upon-Avon; his plays are known for their incredible insight into human psychology |
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| English political theorist who said that people are animals intent of killing each other and must be restricted and protected by a powerful ruler; later John Locke was much more optimistic |
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| Name for two revolts in France, the first by the 'nobles of the robe' in the Parlements, the second by the old 'nobles of the sword' anxious about their loss of status; both were defeated |
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| King of Sweden who used cannon effectively on the battlefield and beat the Spanish Square making him the best military thinker of the 17th century; he got involved in the 30 years war |
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| Formed the New Model Army composed of tough Puritans, joined Parliament against the King in England, won for them but then turned on Parliament itself and set up a dictatorship |
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