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| English explorer hired bu the Dutch who discovered a river in 1609 which now bears his name; the Dutch established a colony called New Amsterdam along the river, located in present-day New York |
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| set of economic tendancies that came to dominate economic practices in the seventeenth century; the ideas of colonialism, value, and trade were essential to the system |
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| Venetian traveler who as early as the thirteenth century excited Europeans with tales of travel over the Silk Road to Cathay (China) and the fabulous riches to be won there |
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| Location where a Treaty mediated by the pope was signed dividing the world into two for purposes of colonization; the arrangement worked until three other countries wanted a part of it |
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Florentine who went on several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the New World; "America" was named after him |
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| Originally a small community settled in the mountains of southern Peru but grew immensly under the leadership of Pachakuti in the 1440s until Pizzaro and his men gave them smallpox |
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| First to circumnavigate the globe although he did not live to celebrate; he claimed the Philippines for Spain but only one of his five ships made it back after a four year trip |
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| Instituted by Queen Isabella a paternalistic system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to use the natives as laborers and in return the natives were supposed to be provided with wages, protection and spiritual guidance |
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| by the end of the fifteenth century great developments in the accuracy of these navigational tools had occurred; a famous one by Ptolemy became more readily available in 1477 |
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| Aztec ruler who welcomed Cortez and his men by giving them pifts and palaces, he was soon taken hostage and killed while his city was pillaged |
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| An english privateer, which means a politicized pirate who preyed on Spanish settlements in circumnavigating the globe for the second time; Elizabeth I knighted him for his contribution |
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| They made a mistake calculating the center to the Atlantic Ocean so when Pedro Cabral hit land here they discovered it belonged to Portugal as far as the Europeans were concerned |
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| In regards to the salve tade, this part of the route was especially demoralizing, slaves were tightly packed and chained down in cargo ships; mortality rates averaged 10% |
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| a hot commodity produced in the North American colonies and the Caribbean; it was delightful addition to tea |
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| Samuel de Champlain established this settlement in 1608; this settlement caused the French to finally take interest in Canada as a colony |
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| With only 400 men or so her conquered the Aztecs and Mexico for Spain; well, with the help of thousands of allies; horses, cannon and other firearms, and armor helped a lot |
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| Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz |
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| This nun was quite a busy lady; she ran what is one of the best-known Latin American literary figures, a strong advocate of women's education and a popular poet |
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| Agarian people living the Yucatan peninsula who had one of the most sophisticated civilizations in America; they built amazing temples and pyramids and also invented a new calander |
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| Settlement in southern Africa established by Dutch farmers known as the Boers; the moderate climate similar to California's and its lack of tropical diseases made it a desirable place to live |
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| Dynasty led by the Manchus who took over China in the seventeenth century; this series of rulers restored peace and prosperity and pacified the country |
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| Dominican bishop who saw that the Indians were being oppressed by the encomienda system and got legislation passed by Spain protecting them; it was ignored by the colonists though |
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| Conquered the Incas of Peru with very few soldiers for Spain, perhaps the most successful of all conquistadores; there were great stores of gold to be had here |
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| Financed a series of expeditions out of Lisbon's fine harbor to explore the coast of Africa |
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| Latinized the name of Genoese, this is Italian, seafarer who put his services at the disposal of Queen Isabella of Spain; she then financed an expedition to reach India by heading west |
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| First Portuguese to actually reach India by an all water route; but he did it with the aid of an Arab pilot since Sinbad and other Arabs had been making that part of the trip for centuries |
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