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| Had parliment issued the Act of Supremacy which made the monarch head of the church in England; the reasons were political, but religion and politics were almost identified in those days; had 6 wives |
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| City noted for two things(besides the properous Fugger bankers); it was the place where Luther issued his final doctrinal synthesis in 1530 and the place where the civil war ended in 1555 |
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| Once the break with Rome was finished he became a social conservative and supported the great nobles against both the knights and the peasants in a series of uprisings during the 1520's |
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| One of the greatest Protestant theologians, he subscribed to the absolute sovereignty of God in The Institutes of the Christian Religion which led to an exaggerated emphasis on predestination |
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| Second wife of Henry VIII who also failed to produce a male heir for the dynasty so he chopped off her head on a pretext; allegedly had six fingers |
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| Solidified Protestantism in England over a long reign marked by success on the high seas in defeating the Spanish Armada and preying on Spanish shipping; never married |
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| Tried unsuccessfully to reconvert England to Catholicism by force after Edward VI's advisers had pushed the Anglican church in a Protestant direction; she died childless and would inherit the title "Bloody" |
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| Tried mightily to defeat Protestantism using the excellent spanish military abroad and the Inquisition at home; but in the end he was stymied by the English and the Dutch; he was married to Mary Tudor but was never in England |
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| Luther stressed this because the sale of indulgences and other good works make people think that good works only brought salvation; being and Augustinian assisted in the development of this theology |
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| The only sacrament agreed upon by all Christians, Protestants and Catholics alike; in which water symbolizes both cleansing and union with Jesus in his death and resurrection |
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| First tried to ignore Luther or deal with him quietly by sending emissaries but failing that, he condemned his doctrine and excommunicated him |
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| Well-connected wife of Henry VIII who provided an heir, but not of the right sex to keep the Tudor name alive; so Henry got a 'qualm of conscience' about the dispensation he got to marry her |
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| Reformer of Zurich who within a decade pushed Luther's doctrine of the preisthood of the laity and Scripture and Word of God is central in the liturgy; he was wounded in the battle with the Catholic cantons who killed him, cut up his body, and scattered the ashes |
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| Location of an excumenical council that took twenty years and several sessions to define the Catholic doctrine; but it succeeded in reforming the Catholic Church internally |
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| Generally part of protestant theology so that their crosses have no bodies on them |
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| Chancellor of England and friend of Desiderius Erasmus, a pious humanist who was executed by Henry VIII for refusing to subscribe to the Act of Supremacy; he was declared a saint by the Catholics |
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| John Wyclif attacked the doctrine of transubstantiation connected with this sacrament and Luther, though nominalist lke him, substituted the doctrine of consubstantiation |
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| Spanish (Basque really) soldier who underwent a conversion experience and founded a religious order, later called the Jesuits that took the lead during the counterreformation |
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Holy Roman emperor and King of Spain who defeated the Schmalkaldic League but could not destroy its power base; so a compromise followed based on the formula, "Cujus regio, ejus religio" |
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| A member of the prominent Italian family, but queen consort of France and mother of Henry III, she was persuaded by the Guise family that the Huguenots posed a threat; this would lead to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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