Energized Crowding

Urban Clusters

Physical Circumscription

Differentiation of Uses

Urban Resources

Written Records

City and Countryside

Monumental Framework

Buildings and People

First set of planning laws in America

16th century laws issued by spanish crown for its empire

Mandate 3 types of settlement: pueblos, presidios, missions

spell out requirements: siting, layout, public space, nuisance zoning

Room for Growth

Piazza: 400'x600'

Peonia: lots for average people (determine where people live)

Caballeria: lots for officers

Church on main piazza at highest elevation

Villiage

Commerical

1570

Oldest City

based on Bastide

grid system

central plaza: meant for commerce - surrounded by archade

church is not on plaza

wall with many entrances

NO room for growth

based on french tradition

Settled by Cadallic

 (who was born and bred in a Bastide)

based on French tradition

Major Plaza by Church

on the Mississippi River

"Cresant City"

Grid kept shifting to face the water

Fort design (meant for cannon warfare)

English Tradition

in New England

Puritans - religious persecution

No king/central power commanding what to do as in Spain and France

Based on English FOLK tradition

long strips of land - equal access to RIVER and ROAD

Everyone is equal

Distributed by lots - leftover land is made into "the commons" and a meeting house

Providence, RI

English tradition (New England)

no plan for growth

Very different

based on a centralized power

English Tradition

in the South

Too many "good" possible sites

no obvious specific site

trade discourages development of towns - plantations of tobacco, cotton, etc.

towns mandated and laid out but not actually lived in

Slavery caused a lack of cities because slaves were not wanted to "hang out" together

English South tradition

Built in wards by Oglethorpe (600'x540')

never out of green space

lots of room for growth

cannot accomodate geography

still power influenced

New York

(New Amsterdam)

1725 - Dutch here to make money

Fur trading post

Two river systems (Hudson/East)

Hudson meant for shipping

East river used for fishing

Dutch kicked indians out

blocks all face river - very haphazard

1804 - full land survey of Manhattan completed

laid out the rest of the city, land speculation

NO attention paid to topography

1682

between two rivers

William Penn:

organized

influenced by New Haven and London

Lots of Green space

Square blocks

room to grow

after death, city began to deteriate and grid system breaks down

1666 Fire of London

Terminal Vistas under Baroque design

Christopher Wren: rebuilt the churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral

 stayed the same after the fire

very formal downtown

false diagonals/baroque style

location: AWFUL - marsh, lowland

early designs by Jefferson

Blocks don't follow river

L'Enfant = BAD and Egotistical

"The city of magnificent distances"

Where is the power?

law to allow the public survey system

made a maridean/base line

cut into 6mi x 6mi squares

divided into 1mi x 1mi squares

Ohio = the first survey

square 16 always belonged to the school

"40 acres and a mule" = 1/4 of 1/4 of 1mi x 1mi square

grid that follows water

industrial

after moving away from the water the grid becomes perfect

Diagonals

separate grid on river

original town destroyed by fire

2 people in charge

wanted to build new

CIRCLES

"Father of the American Industrial Revolution"

brought British textile technology to America - thief

established tenant farms and towns around his textile mills

Started by Slater

Cradle to Grave

Longterm Profit

Small town centered around mill

worker housing - boss lives among workers

mill empoyed the most people

saw all stages of textile production done under one roof, with employees living in company housing, and away from home and family

all about money

hire young women - cheap/compliant

row of mills on river

housing behind woods

a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways

like an elevator for canals - not easy in winter

a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

covered bridges

easier than canals

heavy so the truss is extremely important

1870 - industry in NE and midwest

Railroads begin to support towns

Boston 1831

not straight lines

origin of the park

cemetery = city of the dead

time of gothic revival and romanticism

place of pleasant sadness

outside of the city

solved the green space problem

In Brooklyn: 1838

exploaded by the 1850s

opened in 1859

originally the poor area of town (black - Seneca Village)

During the time of Taminy Hall, Central Park fell into extreme disrepair

Social Reformer in Philadelphia

Pioneered Children's rights

co-creator of NAACP

helped design child labor laws

co-creator of the NAACP

Nurse, social worker in New York

originally from Ohio

worked at an orphanage in new York

danish immigrant

lived in a police-run poorhouse for a while

reformer, muckraking journalist

wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Reforming Tenements

why?

overpopulation

place of strong community

fire escape is the first major reform!

fire escape

courts formed in the middle which gave light, air-circulation and became an easy place to dump waste

Worlds Fair

White City

Start of the City Beautiful Movement

major planner and director of the 1892 Worlds Fair in Chicago

"Make no little plans"

aka The Kite Plan

Washington D.C. 1901

Create a terminal vista

bury the railroad

aka "City Functional," "City Scientific"

development of City Beautiful, but with more "progressive" social goals.

focus on scientific analysis and centralized administration

rise of zoning as a planning tool

F.L. Olmstead 1869

Trains (eventually streetcars) make suburbs possible

dependent on the city

walking distance to trains

grocery store and school for wives/children

development follows Streetcar

hub and spoke development

hub=city

spokes=street car lines

developments are at streetcar stops

not that far from the city

stayed small because everyone was walking

Made by Ebenezer Howard

Englishman who wrote Garden Cities of To-Morrow (1902)

Not a professionally trained urban planner

lived for a while in the U.S.

The three magnets: Town, Country, Town-Country (utopia)

City=1000 acres

agricultural land=5000 acres

population=32000

the world's first Garden City designed to incorporate elements of the country, alongside city life

in Hertfordshire, England

no growth potential

built-in green space

Queens, NY 1908

designed by Olmstead Jr.

lots of built in green space

800 homes/townhomes/apartments

need lots of money

Queens, NY 1924

Stein and Wright

lots of green space - shared

no railroad

one of the first developments to incorporate the "superblock" model

constructed from 1924 to 1929 by the New York City Housing Corporation

model allowed for denser residential development, while also providing ample open/green-space amenities

1929

Major roadway on the outside of town

everyone lives in cul-de-sacs

front of the house faces green space

"a town for the motor age"

residential superblock

middle population, low income

settled in 1938 as a public cooperative community in the New Deal Era

Construction of the new town would create jobs and thus help stimulate the national economic recovery following the Great Depression

not only provided work and affordable housing, but also served as a laboratory for experiments in innovative urban planning.

Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; Greenbelt, MD.

All of the property was owned by the government and then rented to families, based on income, housing need and family size.

BRONX: minority (black), no money, working class, not saved

LOWER MANHATTAN: majority (white), some money, middle class, saved by Jane Jacobs

wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)

organized grassroots efforts to block urban-renewal projects that would have destroyed local neighborhoods (against Robert Moses in saving Lower Manhattan)

1949

Clears the slums

the federal government gives money to municipal government to help

doesn't say what has to be built

no law to say what was slums

did really bad things for cities - did not help communities

1949

increased the federal loan system

30 year mortgages available (previously only 5 year)

could only be used for single family housing

all of the money went into the suburbs instead of the city

1956

Eisenhower Highway System

took him three months to cross the U.S. in an Army Caravan - no direct route across the US

the biggest infrastructure program in the history of projects ($5 billion)

must have a car

only houses

curvilinear streets

restrictive covenants (no minorities)

able to tear down downtown areas because everyone RENTED, money given to land lords, tenents homeless.

towers were a post war housing project

more light because of cross shape (+)

lots of green space

no community - nothing to do = crime

system prevents socialization

St. Louis, Missouri; 1954

result of housing project after urban renewal

superblock: separates the regular city from the projects

tore them down in the early 70s

failure was recognized after 15 years

high crime because there was no community

"80% of everything ever built in America has been built in the last 50 years" Kunster

not the same as the original suburb of early 19th c.

Importance of defined boundaries, green space, neighborhoods

the old system wasn't broken, why did we try to fix it?

 also a way to revitalize old buildings

New Urbanism

pedestrian friendly

spanish design - plaza

grid system

contains many baroque elements

based on owner having money

1. mix land use

2. take advantage of compact building design

3. create a range of housing opportunities and choices

4. create walkable neighborhoods

5. foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place

6. preserve green space

use public transportation

encourage the commercial growth around the station (economic incentives)

like Riverside: Hub and Spoke