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TELL DATE:

Early colonization, became staple crop around the late 16th century however pre-1500’s was a staple in the Indian Diet along with maize, corn and other vegetables.

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Who: Europeans and Native Americans,

Where: The colonies,

What: The potatoes’ as a key crop in colonization as far as food stocks.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Potatoes are a highly carb rich vegetable, grow-able crop that was used as a staple in the diet of the Native Americans and soon the colonists. Some countried became dependent on the vegetable to the point where it’s failure couple mean the end to a colony.

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TELL DATE: 1560

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Jesuit’s make contact with a Floridian Tribal People who specialize in harvesting from the ocean’s bounty, including sea shells, fish, and making specialized houses for their environment.

SIGNIFICANCE:

They were brought to extinction by Slave Trade, warring with other Tribes and Europeans. A sign of the harm that the Europeans could have and the significant impact on the Indian tribes they came across.

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TELL DATE:

16^th century is when they came together

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

A league of 5 Indian nations in the North East/New York area who created a council-like government with representatives and heads. They had a lot of power, and a lot of land.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Huge native force, but more than what they were to the colonists who had to deal with them, they are a sign that the natives were much more intelligent and organized than they are often given credit for.

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TELL DATE:

Founded in 1655 by Amelendus

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

It was founded in Florida as a bay side fort, and was the first permanent settlement in the states. It was kept through a treaty with the Calusa people however the French attempted to capture the fort. They failed but the port became a mixing pot of French, English, Spanish and Native peoples.

SIGNIFICANCE:

First permanent settlement, a melting pot of the early New World and finally was founded on Indigenous-Colonist agreement.

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TELL DATE:

1494

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

The Spanish-Portuguese treaty in which the globe was split among what could be colonized by who; the Spanish received everything west of the Brazils while the Portuguese received Brazil and Africa and Russia.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Early colonial treaty as far as the South is concerned and more importantly stopped most Portuguese colonization and likewise most Spanish-Afro colonization projects.

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TELL DATE: 15^th century (late)

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

A banker from Italy, he wanted to make a name for himself and as such participated in Portuguese voyages, sending letters back to a mapmaker in Europe from the new world.

SIGNIFICANCE:

A controversy surrounds the naming of America after Amerigo who some believe was simply out for recognition and is unjustly connected to something he hardly had a part of.

TELL DATE: 1584 (published books)

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

An English writer, he is mostly noted for his support, praise and informative propaganda to colonize west in order to succeed.

SIGNIFICANCE:

His works such as The Principle Navigations were important in encouraging many European's mentality to colonize and explore West.

TELL DATE: 1585-1587

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

A colony under Sir Walter Raleigh’s command that was settled just off coast present day North Carolina but was named "Virginia" back then. 

Many died of starvation and disease.

Three more voyages were made but each time they failed until John White settled the land, who left for supplies during English/ Spain War. When he was finaly able to go back, the colony’s inhabitants were gone.

SIGNIFICANCE:

First Instances of english colonization.

Not only exposes the hardship that many early colonialist faced, but also involves a very big mystery in early colonial history.

TELL DATE: 1598

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

The pueblo tribe of the Acoma in the southwest and their confrontation with Juan De Onate who was sent to convert them to Catholicism was met with failure as the Indians killed 13 Spaniards. This was met with the retaliation of 800 Indians, enslavement of the remaining, and a gruesome sentence of amputation for every man over 21.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Shows how not all treaties go smoothly and also that most violence was met with extreme retaliation and often brutal consequences for the tribes who resisted.

Shows who gets remembered.

TELL DATE: 1595-1617

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Matoaka, a princess from the Powhatan tribe, after interaction with the colonists was eventually kidnapped un order to get fellow british soldiers as well as weapons back from from indians. She converted to christianity and was baptised while captive, and married John Rolfe of Jamestown. She eventually went to London to publicize colonization and intermediate between colonists and Indian.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Making Boundaries, contact between differet cultures, interracial intimacy, crossing racial separation, christian conversion, colonist/indian assimilation

TELL DATE:  1567-1635

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Frenchman who received his education in the west indies and colonized ventures in the Spanish new world, however he’s most famous for establishing trade posts trhough St. Laurence River and around cape cod.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Important for not only his established trade posts but because he provided much detail about the Indians and how the Spanish Cruelly treated them. French have class; spanish are evil.

TELL DATE: 1609-1610

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Jamestown Virginia, after the Powhatan people initiated a time of starvation to drive out the colonists after being dependent on them for so long. The crops the colonists attempted to yield all failed. Colonists relied on knowledge, food, and trading of the indians.

60 out of 500 colonists survived.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Shows how lost the colonists needed the help of indians to survive and adapt in new land, how powerful diplomacy was and how  the Indians as a whole were not above using their strengths to fit their needs.

TELL DATE: Early 17^th century

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Similar to the Iroquois the Powhatan were an organized confederacy of about six different tribes who banded together. They were very powerful and had a large sum of land under their control in Virginia. They dealt with the Jamestown colonists more often than not and became slowly driven to dwindling numbers with time.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Second important tribe to note as a whole, they were very powerful, had a large role in Native-Euro relations. If not for the Powhatan people the Europeans may not have survived their first winter.

TELL DATE:  1624 

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

A dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland.

It was first discovered by the Dutch Indian Company captained by Henry Hudson.

They wanted fur trade with Iroquois, Mahicans, and Mohawks to create clothes, sheets, hats, etc.

It began as Fort Amsterdam  1624 and later became New Amsterdam.

A wall was eventually built in north part of colony

SIGNIFICANCE:

The dutch are a major part of the european experiance in the New World.

The dutch also brought pilgrams to the new world who were separatists of the church on England.

TELL DATE: 1630

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

John Winthrop was known for his sermon "A model of Christian Charity". Passengers were leaving the old world and were entering into a covenant with God, a kind of marriage bond, and therefore they would live a life of affliction,but they would be like a “city on a hill” and everyone would look up to them as a model for the world. Failure is not an option. The elect should fulfill the errand thats been sent upon by god to bear harvest in the new world.

SIGNIFICANCE:

A guiding metaphor of what would become early instances of Americanism.

TELL DATE: 1629-1630

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Puritans who sought to purify the church of England. They established Bible Commonwealth to encourage a direct personal religious experience, laws were intended for the common good were based on the Bible and the right to vote was limited to church members. Civil government as well as a religious theocracy.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Firts instances of government, and it shapes the policical aspects of following generations.

TELL DATE: 1591-1643

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

A woman who stood up to the church, holding unauthorized bible meetings for people who believed that faith was not going to church but being one with god. She began her own segregation and followed teachings of John Cotton. Putitans prosecuted her for her inerpretation of regious doctrine. She was put on trial on 1637 and convicted of heresy and of bing an antinomian. She was then excommunicated.

SIGNIFICANCE:

She was most remembered for being a femenist who went against the strict norm of  oppressing puritans.

TELL DATE: Established in 1482 by Portuguese, captured in 1630s by Dutch

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN: Modern day Ghana. A port town off the Cape Coast settled by the Dutch East Indian company that was used as a place where Europeans and Indians came to do economic exchanges of goods but also became a huge port for slave trade with Africa.

SIGNIFICANCE: The first European settlements in West Africa. Instution of slavery is evolving, the relationship between master and slave is becoming power dinamic. A society wirth slaves not a society of slaves.

TELL DATE: 1620, he was captured, 16970 he passed away.

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

An African captured and sold as a slave to an english merchant in Virginia in 1621, but later freed to become a successful tobacco farmer and owner of an African slave of his own. He also married and eventually willed his property to his children. 

However on his death in 1670 a court ruled that: "as a black man, Anthony Johnson was not a citizen of the colony", and allowed his lands to be seized.

SIGNIFICANCE:

It shows how some slaves were eble to become elite members of society, enjoyed rights as other white men, even oversee servants as well as slaves. Sam Patch figure.

TELL DATE: 17^th century

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Enslaved Africans escaped into the wilderness to form their own separate communities (form of resistance). They set up small communities in swamps or other areas where they were not likely to be discovered. Although most focused on their survival -- building homes, raising crops and livestock, fortifying the community against attack -- others engaged in guerilla warfare against neighboring plantations and provided a base to which other fugitives could flee.
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SIGNIFICANCE:

Rigid laws were inplemented for runaway slaves

TELL DATE:  1651-1663

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Acts passed by the British for their New England colonists after the French-Indian war left England in debt.England's attempt to tighten economic control over the colonies.

1)in 1651 stated that no goods grown or manufactured in  Asia, Africa, and Americas could be transported to England except on English vessels or unless coming from "country of origin". (aimed at Dutch)

2) 1660,75% of the crew from ships that came in or out of england had to be English. Certain products (tobacco,cotto,  sugar, etc) had to be sent to England and paid a tax before they went anywhere else.

3) in 1663 anything sent to colonies had to go through England or whales first

SIGNIFICANCE:

The first time England really started to pay attention to the Colonies, which they had been previously leaving alone before. People began transporting good withou following the navigation acts. Laws were ignored. It caused further tension between colonists and the British.

TELL DATE:1675-76

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Nathaniel Bacon along with a group of white and black lower class servants and slaves waged a rebellion against the established authority in Virginia under the governor William Berkeley  because they wanted more land but were not allowed to attain it because it was reserved  for native americans. He believed that because they were white english colonist they had an entitlement to land, and  since the administration refused to give them land, they were angered and thus began fighting indian tribes in a series of violent events, ending with Bacon’s death.

SIGNIFICANCE:

This was important because it was considered the first civil war in America. The rebellion was a class war, it challenged to establish social order, slavery becomes entrenched, and the question social order and colonial identity arise.

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TELL DATE: 1642-44

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Indians New York Pennsylvania and Maryland Went to war with colonist in 1642 and won in 1644

SIGNIFICANCE:

TELL DATE:1675

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Wampanoag Indian who had alot of familiarity with the colonists. He could speak and write english. He was part of the enterprise of translation. He went Plymouth Colony in 1675 to to inform Jossiah Winslow, Plymouth's governeor, that King Phillip was plannin g a massive  attack on the Massachussetts Bay Colonist. Although John Sassamon is a Christian Indian, he is still an indian, and Wislow doesn't believe him.Sassamon is found dead two weeks later.

SIGNIFICANCE:

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He was a valuable asset to both Puritan and Indian society. To the Puritans, he embodied the success of their conversion efforts and assimilation of Indians into English society. For Indians, he served as a crucial link between them and the Puritans.

He worked as an interpreter, and he helped to represent them to the New Englanders in dealings. However, ultimately, he came to embody the fundamental discord between the Pokanoket and the Puritans.

He could never be accepted by either society which hinted at the underlying irreconcilable differences and distrust between the two. Once the tenuous relationship between the two had been broken, King Philip's War broke out.

TELL DATE:  1820’s

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Very popular play in 1820s about the tragedy of "King Philip’s War"; starred famous actor Edwin Forrest;

SIGNIFICANCE:

Becomes example of how Indian narratives become a part of American culture

TELL DATE:1620’s

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

As a result of the enourmous male population, tobacco brides were imported to the area. They were respectable young women whos passage was paid for by men who were eager to gain wives. They came over to specifically to Jamestown, Virginia in 1620, (90 to be specific). Jane Eier (15) was he youngest, and Alice Burges (28)was the oldest. Alice was the most skilled, she could brew beer which was mportant because drinking water was scarce so  beer was an alternative.

As a result of the enormous male population, during the 1620’s about 150  “tobacco brides” were imported to the area.  “Tobacco brides” were respectable young women, whose passage were paid for with about 120 pounds of tobacco by men who were eager to gain wives.  Not only were these “tobacco brides” to be sexual partners but they would also be another pair of hands to share in the labor on the farm

SIGNIFICANCE:

Not only were these “tobacco brides” to be sexual partners but they would also be another pair of hands to share in the labor on the farm

TELL DATE: 1675

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Wife of aMassachussetts minister who published her account of being taken captive during King Phillip's War. It became a best seller and sold over 1,000 copies. These accounts were gory; they had tales of ppl being chopped up, babies being thrown against trees, etc. These accounts ommited the barbarities english and spanish committed towards natives.They made indians look like barbarists and english innocent.She saw this experience as a test from god, part of perhaps a punishment for smoking tobbaco.

SIGNIFICANCE:

History is part of a legacy and how historical narratives shape modern day tourism  as well a american literature.

TELL DATE: Winter of 1691-1692

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Tituba was 25 year old slave from Barbados. She was a creole from African and indian decent. Her african rituals she performed with several teeenagers were taken as witchery.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Witchcrafr was considered a social threat. There was more ppl who were indeited, imprisioned or killed during that period of 1691-1692 than in the whole history of the american colonies. Women were thought to be mentally inferior and were therefore weaker, which is why more women were accused rather than men.

TELL DATE: 1739

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

In South Carolina, a group of african slaves participated in a mass exodist leaded by a slave named Cato. They went to Florida and killed white folks and burnt plantations and everything on their way. They attacked plantations and the white families, saved the slaves and they joined them.The Lt.Governor of south carolina recruits indian populations to track down the group of bandits to kill/capture them.Cato was the leader of this rebellion. Once all rebels were captured they were killed.

SIGNIFICANCE:

It shows how some indian groups were engaged in different groups of diplomacy and fighting for access to defferent colonial powers.  The "Negro Act of 1740" which restrictes slave assembly, education and movement. It also enacted a 10-year moratorium against importing African slaves, and established penalties against slaveholders' harsh treatment of slaves.

TELL DATE: 1690-1700’s

WHO,WHAT,WHERE, WHEN:

Seen enourmously in South Carolina. Rice and indigo began being cultivated at an enourmous pace and thus required more labor.

1691- Law that prohibited slaves from getting a free day on saturday so more hours of day/week were dedicated to labor.

1712- Law that prohibited slaves from working where they pleased.

1714- Laws prohibited slaves from holding property such as cattle, so there is intentional disposation going on.

SIGNIFICANCE:

It shows the way America wants to keep growing economically by continuing cheap slave labor.

Tell Date: 1660

Who, What, When, Where:

A form of partial church membership created in New England. This was promoted by revenrend Sullivan Stoddard who felt that ppl in the english colonies were drifting away from the original religious purpose and desiring more material wealth. Full membership in society was connected with full membership with the church. So in order to connect second and third generation of colonist and immigrants w/ the church, they formed the half-way covenant which allowed partial membership to the church. They didn't have the right to vote in important church decisions, but they had to right to a conversion experience.

Significance:

This leads to the Great Awakening and the growth and expansion of America's denominationalism.

Tell Date: 1733-1735 (revivals)

Who,What,When, Where:

Jonathan Edwards was a revivalist who stressed that believers must rely on their own conscience to achieve an inner emotional understanding of religious truth. Most famous sermon was called “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” in which he proclaimed that man must save himself by immediately repenting his sins.

Significance:

• The religious relationship with god is depended upon the individual and its is a hint to the sense of invididualism that is breeding in the colonies
• A movement towards a democratic notion of religion is taking place in the colonies  and it is becoming less  hierarchical than Europe.
• 4/5 of American have a common understanding of christian faith
  

Tell Date: 1753-1784

Who, What, When, Where:

 She was the 1st African american female poet in the colonies. She was also a published writer.

She was born in Senegal, kidnapped and slaved, and eventually purchased by John Wheatly in Boston. She was exposed to higher educated by the Wheatly family. She published a book in 1774. Her poetry mixed classical form, religious texts, political revolution, and African cosmology. She was then emancipated, married and had children.

Significance:

It shows how slaves too can be educated. Her work and who she was becomes an example of different cultural threads that emerged during this period of colonial enlightenment and the Great Awakening.