Term
| What is social psychology? |
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Definition
Allport 1985
“the scientific study of the way peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others |
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Term
| Social psycology explains mind and behaviour by considering? |
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Definition
Social cognition,
our perception and understanding of social situations.
Social influence,
the way in which others influence our social behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social norms are learned socially based rules that prescribe what people should and should not do in certain situations. |
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Term
| Two forms of social norms |
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Definition
Descriptive norms – indicate what most people do, provides pressure or permission to do the same.
Injunctive norms – more formal, provide specific info about what others approve / disapprove |
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Term
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Definition
Conforming is a change in behaviour or beliefs to match others in a group (grouop norms).
Conformity occurs as a result of real or imagined spoken or unspoken group/social pressure. |
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Term
| 3 types of conformity (response to social pressure) |
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Definition
Kelman (1985)
Compliance : overtly conforming privately maintaining own views
Identification: Public and private conforming , may be temp
Internalisation true change of private views to match group. |
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Term
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Definition
Dual process dependency model (Deutsche & Gerrard 1995)
1.the desire to be liked
2.the desire to be right |
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Term
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Definition
Turner (1991) argues that a sense of belonging to a group makes us conform to its social norms.
3 stages.
Individuals acknowledge their membership,
learn the group norms,
adhere to the norms. |
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Term
| individual diffrences & conformity behaviour |
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Definition
Crutchfield (1995)
individuals who perceive the group as attractive & individuals with low self esteem are more likely to conform to group norms.
Non conformity by those with high status within the group. |
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Term
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Definition
Sherif (1935) autokinetic effect, ambiguous situation, lab exp.
Asch (1951,52, 55) match the line. unambigious situation. lab exp |
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Term
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Definition
36 participants.
groups of 7 -9,
12 critical trials,
6 neutral trials,
74% conformed once.
32% critical trials conformed to the majority.
26% did not conform. |
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Term
| Why doesnt everyone conform? |
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Definition
Asch - 3 categories of independent behaviour.
1. Independence based on participant confidence,
2. Independence accompanied by withdrawal,
3. Independence accompanied by tension and doubt. |
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Term
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Definition
low ecological validity,
demand characteristics,
cultural validity,
ethical concerns, |
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Term
| Minority social influance |
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Definition
small groups can influance long term attitude & behavioural changes.
snow ball effect,
nations may be affected by minority influance : Nazi Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| Compliance occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behaviour although they maintain their own private views. Often a change in behaviour due to a direct request |
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Term
| complience (research sales techniques) |
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Definition
Foot in the door, small request followed by increasingly larger requests.
Door in the face large request knowing it will be compromised,
low balling,
type of presentation,
good mood,
complaining |
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Term
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Definition
| A change of behaviour to match an explicit demand. Typically from an authoritative figure. A powerful source of social influence. |
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Term
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Definition
Milgram "Could you kill a man? Probably if Milgram asked me to"
IGF design, lab exp.
65% total obidence.
all went to 300volts.
5 refused beyond 300 to max of 450 volts |
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Term
| Obedience study conclusions |
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Definition
| Obedience to instructions is a powerful force in society. We are all vulnerable to this form of social pressure as a result of socialisation. |
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Term
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Definition
Legitimate authority, it is deeply ingrained to obey authoritative figure (socialisation).
Foot-in-the door-effect gradual procedure difficult to pull out,
Agentic shift theory |
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Term
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Definition
Milgram - people operate on two levels
Autonomous : behaving voluntarily aware of the consequences of their actions
Agentic level perceiving themselves as agents not responsible for their own actions, working on behalf of someone else. |
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Term
| resisting pressure to obey |
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Definition
1.Feeling responsible.
2.High moral reasoning.
3.Questioning motives of the authority figure,
4.Reactance restricting an individuals freedom can result in the boomerang effect causing people to do the opposite. |
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