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| Explain atypical behaviour |
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Definition
Atypical behaviour is difficult to define, several ways to describe atypical
1.The statistic approach
2.Social deviance
3.Practical approach
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| Explain statistal approach |
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Definition
abnormal is that which is statistically rare. deviates from statistical norm,
speilburgs state trait anxiety inventory. |
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Definition
| we all interact and behave in simular ways behaving outside these guidelines may be seen as abnormal. |
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| since previous approaches have limitations psycologists use combination of aproaches, Context and content of behaviour. What an individual does and how it efects others. |
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| 7 features found in abnormal individuals |
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Definition
Rosenhan & Seilgman (1989).
1.Suffering
2.maladaptivness.
3.Vividness and unconventionality
4.Unpredictability
5.Irrationality
6.observer discomfort
7.Violation of moral or ideal standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheff (1966) Szasz (1974) RD laing. All argue that attaching people with psychiatric labels leads them to behave more like the symptoms associated with the it as it is therfore expected of them. |
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| Models of atypical behaviour |
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Definition
1.Demonological model
2.Medical model
3.Psychological model
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Definition
| Abnormal behvaiour as a result of demonic posession |
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| Hippocractes, atypical behaviour is the result of physical disease and damaged biology |
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Term
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Definition
1.Freud - Psychodynamic, unresolved unconscious forces.
2.Behaviourst - faulty learning
3.Cognitive - How we think about things
4.Phenomenological - lifes experiences caused by personal choice.Personal agency
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Definition
| Community psychology. From treatment to prevention. Kelly 1992, Freiberg 1992, Albee 1985 |
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Definition
Rosenhan (1972) On being sane in insane places.
Theigpen & Cleckley A case of multiple personality. |
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Definition
The community psychology movement began in the USA in the 1960:
Aim: to treat people in the community & prevent psychological disorders |
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Term
| Rosenhan (1973) study aim and method. |
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Definition
| Aim: 1.test hypothesis that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between the sane and the insane. Field experiment and observation. 8 people (pseudo patients) attempted to gain entry in psychiatric hospitals. Voices-empty, hollow, thud. Stopped acting after admission. Took notes about their observations. Remained in hospital between 7 & 52 days (mean 19) non detected by staff 35 out of 118 patients voiced their suspicions. |
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| Rosenhan study staff responses |
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Definition
Responses of staff P-Psychiatrist N-Nurse %
Moves on head averted P71 N88
Makes eye contact P23 N10
Pauses and chats P2 N4
Stops and talks P4 N0.5
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Term
| Rosenhan secondary study staff judgements as pseudo patients |
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Definition
# of patients judged 193
# confidently judged as pseudo by 1 staff member 41
# pseudo suspected by 1 psychiatrist 23
# pseudo suspected by 1 psychiatrist + 1 other staff 19
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Term
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Definition
Study demonstrated that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between the sane and the insane.
Psychiatric labels stick, patients behaviour is interpreted in accordance with the label.
Rosenhan suggested not to label person as insane but to focus on the individual’s specific problems and behaviours
Experience of pseudo patients was one of powerlessness & depersonalisation.
patients deprived of human rights, freedom of movement, privacy, treated as invisable, not seen as credible witnesses to orderlie abuse of other patients |
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Definition
Thigpen & Cleekly (1954) A case of multiple personality
Aim : account of the treatment of a 25 year old women referred because of blinding headaches
Eve White
Eve Black emerged during treatment
Eve Black had existed since childhood though Eve White was not aware of her existence
Different IQ’s
Third personality emerged, Jane
The therapists believed that in the Jane personality could take possession of the personalities the patient would regain full health and happy life.
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Term
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Definition
1 Intelligence is difficult to define, there is no singular agreed definition in psychology
2 The definition of intelligence has changed over the years to accept that it may ber more than academic abilities
3 we do not know what role types of intelligence play musical, sport, social, streetwise
4 there is an acceptance of the concept of intelligence even if we do not know how to define it
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Definition
Produced ways to identify and provide special education for French children who are not doing well at school.
*intelligence norms for age groups
*Testing for different types of age groups
*Idea of mental age
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Definition
| Stanforn-Binet test developed at Stanford University which calculates IQ |
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| intelligence Goddard 1917 |
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Definition
| Reports that 80% of immigrants entering the USA are feeble minded. Claims withdrawn in 1928 after realisation that cultural validity plays a part in testing |
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Definition
Alpha and Beta tests for ww1 recruits
1930 realisation that the tests are unreliable and not very good at testing intelligence. |
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| intelligence Weshler 1939 - 49 |
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Definition
| Designs intelligence tests based on the failure of the previous tests WAIS |
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| Problems with intelligence testing |
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Definition
Validity - if we cannot define it how can we test for it?
Reliability – as no definition we cannot be sure that what we are testing is intelligence, or that the tests are valid measures of intelligence.
Nature vs. Nurture Eysneck argued intelligence comes from genes. Kamin argues the environment develops out intellect |
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Definition
Qualitive approach
Quantitive approach |
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Term
intelligence - Qualitative approach
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Definition
Piaget’s cognitive development model
Assimilation ,association ,adaptation ,organisation, schema
Information processing approach
Perception, attention, language, memory, thinking and its influence on our intelligence
Triarchical theory of intelligence
Componential sub-theory, internal cognitive processes
Contextual sub-theory, external cognitive processes
Experiential sub-theory both above + exp
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Term
intelligence - Quantitive approach
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Definition
The psychometric approach
Std IQ testing used to describe the structure of intelligence
Looks at the end product of intelligence to categorise to allows standardisation and comparison
Factor analysis – statistical technique.
Cattel (1963) 2 types of intelligence
Fluid
Crystallised
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