Term
| What domain of the brain controls language? |
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Definition
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Term
| What domain of the brain controls construction, damage causes neglect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What domain of the brain controls sequencing tasks |
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Definition
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Term
| What domain of the brain controls logic/abstraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the brain is Broca's area, what artery supplies it, and what happens in Broca's aphasia? |
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Definition
· Brocas in motor association cortex, Brodmann 45,44
o Writing affected
o Frustrated, lack prosody (melodic and emotional intonation to language)
o If complete, impaired repetition
o Supplied by superior MCA, in superior operculum division |
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Term
| Where in the brain is Wernicke's area, what artery supplies it, and what happens in Wernicke's aphasia? |
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Definition
· Wernicke’s is in auditory association cortex, Brodmann 22
o Supramarginal and angular lobule are necessary for this
o Cannot write (agraphia) or read (alexia)
o Meaningless speech, neologisms (nonwords)
o If complete, impaired repetition
o Supplied by inferior division of the MCA (posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus) |
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Term
| What is necessary for repetition? |
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Definition
· Arcuate fasciculus connects Brocas and Wernickes, controls repeating words |
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Term
| Describe transcortical sensory aphasia and what can cause it |
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Definition
o Fluent, can repeat, but doesn’t understand
o Watershed infarct in PCA/MCA territory |
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Term
| Describe transcortical motor aphasia and what can cause it |
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Definition
o Not fluent, but can comprehend and can repeat
MCA, ACA watershed area supplying the Broca’s association cortex |
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Term
| Describe a mixed transcortical aphasia |
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Definition
o Not fluent, cannot comprehend, but CAN repeat
o Lesions between Brocas and Wernickes and their respective association cortexes (but Brocas and Wernickes are intact)
o MCA, ACA, PCA watershed? area |
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Term
| Damage to what can cause agraphia without aphasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to what can cause alexia without agraphia? |
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Definition
o Due to lesion of the Dominant occipital cortex that extends into the posterior corpus callosum
o Also have right visual field loss |
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Term
| Describe Gerstmann syndrome |
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Definition
o Agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to carry out complex motor actions, cannot formulate movement sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| apraxia of speech articulation |
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Term
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Definition
· inability to recognize (cannot recognize their deficit)
o Usually sensory |
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Term
| What can cause cortical deafness? |
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Definition
| bilateral lesion of primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) in temporal lobe |
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Term
| What can cause pure word deafness? |
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Definition
| verbal agnosia, can identify nonverbal sounds but not spoken words; lesion of dominant auditory cortex connections including white matter from other hemisphere |
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Term
| What is nonverbal auditory agnosia? |
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Definition
| understand speech but cannot identify nonverbal sounds, typically nondominant lesion |
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Term
| Define apperceptive agnosia |
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Definition
o Failure in recognition that is due to a failure of perception
o Cannot recognize objects at all, cannot describe it |
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Term
| Define associative agnosia |
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Definition
o Perception is intact but recognition does not occur
o Can describe an object |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to carry out complex motor actions, cannot formulate movement sequences |
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Term
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Definition
o Lack of insight, unable to perceive that they have a deficit |
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Term
Define Somatosensory Agnosia / Astereognosia / Tactile agnosia
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Definition
o Inability to recognize an object based on touch/size/weight, lesion in the somatosensory cortex (but sensation is intact) |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to recognize or interpret visual information despite vision intact |
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Term
| Define alexia and where the lesion would be |
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Definition
| Inability to see words or read (parietal, supramarginal angular gyrus) |
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Term
| Define visual verbal agnosia |
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Definition
o Can read the word but cannot understand what the word means |
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Term
| Define topographical agnosia |
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Definition
o Inability to orient oneself in one’s surroundings
o Get lost frequently (think Alzheimer’s) |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to relate colors to objects (think inappropriately colored objects, like a blue banana, are normal) (can match colors) |
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Term
| Define prosopagnosia and where the lesion would be |
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Definition
o Face blindness
o Damage to the fusiform gyrus (usually right side) inferior temporooccipital junction |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to perceive more than a single object at a time
o One component of Balint’s syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to recognize musical tones or reproduce them (difficulty processing pitch, tone deaf) |
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Term
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Definition
o Inability to recognize distinct fingers
o Usually part of Gertsmann syndrome |
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Term
| Describe auditory agnosia and 2 types |
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Definition
o Inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds
o Can be semantic or discriminative
§ Semantic: lesion to the left temporal lobe and Wernicke’s area (speech related)
§ Discriminative (right hemisphere lesion, unable to understand nonverbal sounds such as animals and music) |
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Term
Define Auditory Sound Agnosia/ Nonverbal Auditory Agnosia
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Definition
o inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds
o (right hemisphere lesion, unable to understand nonverbal sounds such as animals and music) |
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Term
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Definition
o Disturbance in the recognition of familiar voices and the impairment of voice discrimination. (Voice blindness) |
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Term
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Definition
o Loss of comprehension of the succession and duration of events |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to localize and orient different parts of the body. |
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Term
| Define social emotional agnosia and where the damage would be |
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Definition
o Inability to perceive facial expressions, body language, and voice intonation
o Damage to the bilateral amygdala, or right sided |
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Term
| Describe the symptoms of corpus callosum disconnection syndrome (like from epilepsy surgery) (7) |
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Definition
· Right hemisphere cannot access language
· Agraphia with left hand
· Inability to name objects in left hand with eyes closed
· Inability to read left visual field
· Can’t identify with one hand then switch to identify with other
· Difficulty with bimanual coordination
· Verbal memory deficits if language on left and memory dominant on right |
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Term
| Describe Capgras syndrome |
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Definition
· insist friends/family replaced by identical looking imposters |
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Term
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Definition
· insist different people are actually the same person in a disguise |
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Term
| Define Reduplicative paramnesia |
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Definition
| believe that a person/place/object exists as two identical copies (doppelganger) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex? (5) |
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Definition
· Working memory
· Learning new material
· Shifting cognitive set
· Selective attention
· Integrating information (giving information emotional weight) |
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Term
| What can damage to the dorsolateral convexivity of the prefrontal cortex cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can orbitofrontal lesions (of the prefrontal cortex) cause? |
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Definition
| disinhibition, poor judgement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Anton's syndrome and where the lesion is |
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Definition
· Cortically blind, don’t’ know they’re blind, may have blindsight
· Bilateral primary visual cortex lesions |
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Term
| What happens in parieto-occipital lesions? |
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Definition
· Balint’s syndrome
· Optic Allesthesia (false localization of objects)
· Cerebral Akinetopsia (inability to perceive moving objects) |
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Term
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Definition
| can't match or point to colors |
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Term
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Definition
§ Objects appear unusually small |
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Term
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Definition
§ Objects appear unusually big |
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Term
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Definition
§ Objects have a distorted size and shape
§ “Alice in Wonderland” syndrome
§ Migraine, infarct, tumor, hemorrhage or others in inferior or lateral visual association cortex |
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Term
| Define visual reorientation |
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Definition
§ Environment appears tilted or inverted to the patient |
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Term
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Definition
§ Lesions of visual association cortex
§ Previously seen object to reappear periodically
§ Sometimes can be caused by meds like trazodone |
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Term
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Definition
§ Visual illusion
§ Cortical lesions
§ Gold, red, purple or other unnatural coloring of the visual field
§ Can be seen with digitalis toxicity (yellow halo) |
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Term
| Describe Balint's syndrome |
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Definition
o Cannot interpret visual fields as a whole
o Simultanagnosia
o Oculomotor apraxia
§ Difficulty fixing the eyes
o Optic ataxia
§ Inability to move the hand to a specific object using vision |
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