Term
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Definition
substance affecting migration, proliferation or interaction of cells, causes congenital anomalies |
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Term
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Definition
pruning of the sperm glycocalyx permits the sperm-oocyte interaction |
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Definition
implantation occurs outside of the uterine cavity can occur in the uterine tubes or in the pelvic cavity |
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Definition
implantation occurs near the cervix provides a high risk of bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
placenta becomes detached |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal adherence of the chorionic villi to the myometrium |
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Term
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Definition
villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium |
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Term
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Definition
results when there is no embryo or embryo dies and the chorionic villi fail to vascularize “uterine enlargements greater than expected for gestational age” can give rise to choriocarcinomas or persistent trophoblastic disease |
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Term
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Definition
fertilization of empty oocyte (contains only paternal chromosomes)produces high levels of hCG |
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Term
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Definition
derives from a poorly developed embryo always triploid and produce hCG |
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Term
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins |
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Definition
arises from multiple ovulations (high levels of FSH) |
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Term
Monozygotic (identical) twins |
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Definition
arise from splitting of a single zygote |
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Term
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) |
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Definition
secreted by syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by corpus luteum for five months, then by placenta contraceptive “pill” and RU-486 are anti-progesterones |
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Term
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Definition
process where the epiblast gives rise to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
derives from both endoderm and mesoderm forms the nucleus pulposus |
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Term
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Definition
caudal dysgenesis from inadequate mesodermlower limb defects |
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Term
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Definition
persistence of primitive streak, forms multi-tissue tumor |
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Term
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Definition
liver glycoprotein leaks into amniotic fluid with neural tube or ventral wall defects |
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Term
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Definition
incomplete neural arch, patch of hair over defect |
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Term
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Definition
congenital absence of the pectoralis major |
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Term
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Definition
contracture/shortening of the sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
absence of part of a limb |
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Term
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Definition
any defect involving the talus |
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Term
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Definition
forms the primitive hear tube beats on day 22 |
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Term
Pleuropericardial membranes |
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Definition
form the pericardium and pleura (somatic parts) |
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Term
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Definition
a combination of four heart defects: 1. pulmonary stenosis 2. right ventricular hypertrophy 3. over-riding aorta 4. ventricular septal defect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Undivided truncus arteriosus |
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Definition
neural crest defect where the bulbar regions fail to form |
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Term
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Definition
common defect associated with rubella and pregnancies occurring in high altitudes more common in females |
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Term
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Definition
patent foramen ovale, common, can involve defect in septum primum or septum secundum |
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Term
Ventricular septal defect |
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Definition
common involves the membranous part of the interventricular septum |
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Term
Transposition of the great vessels |
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Definition
most common cause of cyanosis in newborn |
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Term
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Definition
left disappears, right forms portal system |
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Term
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Definition
right disappears, left drains placenta (becomes ligamentum teres hepatis) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
drains body wall (azygos veins) |
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Term
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Definition
between left umbilical and right vitelline veins forms ligamentum venosum |
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Term
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Definition
begins in the 4th week derived from the gut tube lungs become viable during the 24th gestational week due to secretion of surfactant formation of most alveoli occurs between birth and the 8th year |
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Term
Tracheoesophageal Fistulas |
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Definition
abnormal connections between esophagus and airway, usually involves a proximal esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and a distal esophagus that connects to the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
combination of defects that arise from exposure to high levels of estrogens/progesterones during the embryonic period (weeks 3-9) |
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Term
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Definition
notochord induces formation of neural plate which gives rise to neural crest and neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc |
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Term
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Definition
alar plate is dorsal (sensory) basal plate is ventral (motor) |
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Term
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Definition
gives rise to all ganglia, Schwann cells, meninges, suprarenal medulla, melanocytes, cartilage, bone and blood vessels of the head |
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Term
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Definition
involves only vertebral arch, small tuft of hair over the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
incomplete closure of the neural tube caudally (caudal neuropore on day 27) can be detected by alpha-fetoprotein and includes a sac containing CSF |
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Term
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Definition
sac includes meninges and CSF |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
result when the anterior neuropore fails to close (day 25) forebrain is poorly developed |
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Term
Arnold-Chiari malformation |
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Definition
cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum seen in conjunction with spina bifida cystica accompanied by hydrocephalus |
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Term
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Definition
most often due to stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct secondary to a fetal viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
most commonly caused by maternal alcohol abuse |
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Term
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Definition
conus and filum are abnormally fixed, lower limb and bladder control problems |
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Term
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Definition
arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
large clefts in cerebral hemispheres continuous with lateral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
congenital constriction of the cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
Arnold-Chiari malformation |
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Definition
herniation of the cerebellum through an enlarged foramen magnum associated with spina bifida cystica |
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Term
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Definition
skull defect that permits structures to herniate: |
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Term
Cranium bifidum Meningocele |
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Definition
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Term
Cranium bifidum Meningoencephalocele |
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Definition
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Term
Cranium bifidum Meningohydroencephalocele |
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Definition
meninges, brain and ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the intestines do not return to the abdominal cavity following normal |
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Term
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Definition
the guts are covered by the amniotic sac |
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Term
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Definition
guts protrude outside of the abdominal cavity but covered with skin and connective tissue |
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Term
Congenital pyloric stenosis |
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Definition
characterized by projectile vomiting in a newborn |
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Term
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Definition
interruption of the gastrointestinal tract at esophagus vomit contains uncurdled milk at gastric region the vomit contains curdled milk at the duodenum the vomit contains bile |
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Term
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Definition
a remnant of the vitelline stalk and yolk sac, exists as an outward projection of the distal ilium about one meter form the ileocecal junction that can contains gastric or pancreatic tissue found in about 2% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the hindgut fails to be invaded by migrating neural crest cells, results in hypomobility, constipation and congenital megacolon |
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Term
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Definition
the anal membrane does not regress |
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Term
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Definition
connection between the midgut and umbilicus |
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Term
Derivatives of the genital ducts: male |
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Definition
high level of testosterone stimulates development of the mesonephric duct Mullerian inhibiting factor prevents development of paramesonephric ducts |
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Term
Derivatives of the genital ducts: female |
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Definition
low level of testosterone prevents development of mesonephric ducts and no Mullerian inhibiting factor permits development of the paramesonephric ducts |
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Term
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Definition
epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct |
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Term
Mesonephric ducts: female |
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Definition
epoophoron, paroophoron, Gartner’s duct |
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Term
Paramesonephric duct: male |
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Definition
appendix of testes and prostatic utricle |
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Term
Paramesonephric duct: female |
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Definition
uterine tube, uterus and superior part of vagina |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the inferior poles of the kidneys contact each other before ascent the kidneys fuse and ascent to the lumbar region is prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
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Definition
involves the ureteric bud |
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Term
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Definition
rare seen with exstrophy of the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
common opening on the ventral aspect of the penis results from a failure of urethral folds to completely meet |
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Term
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Definition
45 XO infantile female genitalia, ovarian streaks and webbed neck |
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Term
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Definition
47 XXY common (1/500) gynecomastia, infertile males |
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Term
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Definition
after week 9 the genitalia can be distinguished as male or female! |
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Term
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Definition
develop from epiblast and migrate along the yolk sac and mesentery to the lumbar region |
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Term
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Definition
fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis from a patent processus vaginalis |
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Term
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Definition
connection from bladder to umbilicus |
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Term
Pharyngeal Clefts (Grooves) |
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Definition
four pairs ectoderm that forms only epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
gives rise to the external auditory meatus. |
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Term
second through fourth Pharyngeal clefts typically regress |
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Definition
may form a cervical sinus. |
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Term
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Definition
four pairs endoderm that forms only epithelium |
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Term
The first Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
gives rise to the auditory tube, mastoid antrum and tympanic cavity. |
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Term
The second Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
forms the palatine tonsil. |
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Term
The third Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid gland. |
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Term
The fourth Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
gives rise to the superior parathyroid |
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Term
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Definition
There are five pharyngeal arches mesoderm forms skeletal muscle neural crest grows into each arch and forms all connective tissue (cartilage, bone and blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
This is a condition characterized by a shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and results in an elevation of the chin to the opposite side can be caused by damage to the muscle, spinal accessory nerve or can be congenital. |
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Term
Lateral cervical cysts (branchial fistula) |
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Definition
arises from the second through fourth pharyngeal clefts |
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Term
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Definition
most often arise from a remnant of the thyroglossal duct (thyroglossal duct cysts) |
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Term
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Definition
Results from failure of the maxillary prominence to join the medial nasal prominences to form the intermaxillary segment (primary palate derives from intermaxillary segment) |
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Term
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Definition
anterior to incisive foramen lateral palatine process fails to fuse with primary palate |
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Term
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Definition
occurs through the 2. palate where lateral palatine process don’t fuse or meet nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
involves both the primary and secondary palate |
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Term
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Definition
reversal of organs can involve all organs or just single organs (heart dextrocardia) |
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Term
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Definition
develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, paraxial mesoderm and dorsal mesentery of the esophagus |
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Term
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
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Definition
results from a failure of the pleuroperitoneal fold to close the pericardioperitoneal |
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Term
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Definition
most common on the left side |
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Term
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Definition
form from trophoblast and somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Changes at Birth: umbilical arteries -> |
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Definition
paired medial umbilical ligaments |
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Term
Changes at Birth: umbilical veins --> |
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Definition
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Term
Changes at Birth: urachus |
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Definition
median umbilical ligament, |
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Term
Changes at Birth: foramen ovale |
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Definition
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Term
Changes at Birth: ductus arteriosus |
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Definition
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Term
Changes at Birth: ductus venosus |
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Definition
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