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High Yield Embryology
LECOM
118
Medical
Graduate
07/10/2013

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Term
Teratogen
Definition
substance affecting migration, proliferation or interaction of cells, causes congenital anomalies
Term
Capacitation
Definition
pruning of the sperm glycocalyx permits the sperm-oocyte interaction
Term
Ectopic pregnancy
Definition
implantation occurs outside of the uterine cavity can occur in the uterine tubes or in the pelvic cavity
Term
Placenta previa
Definition
implantation occurs near the cervix provides a high risk of bleeding
Term
Placental abruption
Definition
placenta becomes detached
Term
Placenta accreta
Definition
abnormal adherence of the chorionic villi to the myometrium
Term
Placenta percreta
Definition
villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium
Term
Hydatidiform moles
Definition
results when there is no embryo or embryo dies and the chorionic villi fail to vascularize “uterine enlargements greater than expected for gestational age” can give rise to choriocarcinomas or persistent trophoblastic disease
Term
Complete moles
Definition
fertilization of empty oocyte (contains only paternal chromosomes)produces high levels of hCG
Term
Partial moles
Definition
derives from a poorly developed embryo always triploid and produce hCG
Term
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins
Definition
arises from multiple ovulations (high levels of FSH)
Term
Monozygotic (identical) twins
Definition
arise from splitting of a single zygote
Term
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Definition
secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
Term
Progesterone
Definition
secreted by corpus luteum for five months, then by placenta contraceptive “pill” and RU-486 are anti-progesterones
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
process where the epiblast gives rise to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm
Term
Notochord
Definition
derives from both endoderm and mesoderm forms the nucleus pulposus
Term
Sirenomelia
Definition
caudal dysgenesis from inadequate mesodermlower limb defects
Term
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Definition
persistence of primitive streak, forms multi-tissue tumor
Term
Alpha-fetoprotein
Definition
liver glycoprotein leaks into amniotic fluid with neural tube or ventral wall defects
Term
Spina bifida occulta
Definition
incomplete neural arch, patch of hair over defect
Term
Poland anomaly
Definition
congenital absence of the pectoralis major
Term
Congenital torticollis
Definition
contracture/shortening of the sternocleidomastoid
Term
Amelia
Definition
absence of limb
Term
Meromelia
Definition
absence of part of a limb
Term
Congenital clubfoot
Definition
any defect involving the talus
Term
Splanchnic mesoderm
Definition
forms the primitive hear tube beats on day 22
Term
Pleuropericardial membranes
Definition
form the pericardium and pleura (somatic parts)
Term
Tetralogy of Fallot
Definition
a combination of four heart defects: 1. pulmonary stenosis 2. right ventricular hypertrophy 3. over-riding aorta 4. ventricular septal defect
Term
Dextrocardia
Definition
left sided heart
Term
Undivided truncus arteriosus
Definition
neural crest defect where the bulbar regions fail to form
Term
Patent ductus arteriosus
Definition
common defect associated with rubella and pregnancies occurring in high altitudes more common in females
Term
Atrial septal defect
Definition
patent foramen ovale, common, can involve defect in septum primum or septum secundum
Term
Ventricular septal defect
Definition
common involves the membranous part of the interventricular septum
Term
Transposition of the great vessels
Definition
most common cause of cyanosis in newborn
Term
Veins: Vitelline
Definition
left disappears, right forms portal system
Term
Veins: Umbilical
Definition
right disappears, left drains placenta (becomes ligamentum teres hepatis)
Term
Veins: Subcardinal
Definition
drains kidneys
Term
Veins: Sacrocardinal
Definition
common iliac
Term
Veins: Supracardinal
Definition
drains body wall (azygos veins)
Term
Ductus venosus
Definition
between left umbilical and right vitelline veins forms ligamentum venosum
Term
Early development
Definition
begins in the 4th week derived from the gut tube lungs become viable during the 24th gestational week due to secretion of surfactant formation of most alveoli occurs between birth and the 8th year
Term
Tracheoesophageal Fistulas
Definition
abnormal connections between esophagus and airway, usually involves a proximal esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and a distal esophagus that connects to the trachea
Term
VACTERL Association
Definition
combination of defects that arise from exposure to high levels of estrogens/progesterones during the embryonic period (weeks 3-9)
Term
Early development
Definition
notochord induces formation of neural plate which gives rise to neural crest and neural tube
Term
Notochord
Definition
persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc
Term
Neural tube
Definition
alar plate is dorsal (sensory) basal plate is ventral (motor)
Term
Neural crest
Definition
gives rise to all ganglia, Schwann cells, meninges, suprarenal medulla, melanocytes, cartilage, bone and blood vessels of the head
Term
Spina bifida occulta
Definition
involves only vertebral arch, small tuft of hair over the lesion
Term
Spina bifida cystica
Definition
incomplete closure of the neural tube caudally (caudal neuropore on day 27) can be detected by alpha-fetoprotein and includes a sac containing CSF
Term
meningocele
Definition
sac includes meninges and CSF
Term
meningomyelocele
Definition
includes nervous tissue
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
result when the anterior neuropore fails to close (day 25) forebrain is poorly developed
Term
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Definition
cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum seen in conjunction with spina bifida cystica accompanied by hydrocephalus
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
most often due to stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct secondary to a fetal viral infection
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
most commonly caused by maternal alcohol abuse
Term
Tethered cord syndrome
Definition
conus and filum are abnormally fixed, lower limb and bladder control problems
Term
Craniopharyngiomas
Definition
arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits
Term
Schizencephaly
Definition
large clefts in cerebral hemispheres continuous with lateral ventricles
Term
Craniopharyngiomas
Definition
arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits
Term
Congenital hydrocephalus
Definition
congenital constriction of the cerebral aqueduct
Term
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Definition
herniation of the cerebellum through an enlarged foramen magnum associated with spina bifida cystica
Term
Cranium bifidum
Definition
skull defect that permits structures to herniate:
Term
Cranium bifidum Meningocele
Definition
only meninges
Term
Cranium bifidum Meningoencephalocele
Definition
meninges and brain
Term
Cranium bifidum Meningohydroencephalocele
Definition
meninges, brain and ventricle
Term
Omphalocele
Definition
occurs when the intestines do not return to the abdominal cavity following normal
Term
herniation
Definition
the guts are covered by the amniotic sac
Term
Umbilical hernia
Definition
guts protrude outside of the abdominal cavity but covered with skin and connective tissue
Term
Congenital pyloric stenosis
Definition
characterized by projectile vomiting in a newborn
Term
Atresia
Definition
interruption of the gastrointestinal tract at esophagus vomit contains uncurdled milk at gastric region the vomit contains curdled milk at the duodenum the vomit contains bile
Term
Meckel’s diverticulum
Definition
a remnant of the vitelline stalk and yolk sac, exists as an outward projection of the distal ilium about one meter form the ileocecal junction that can contains gastric or pancreatic tissue found in about 2% of the population
Term
Hirschsprung’s disease
Definition
occurs when the hindgut fails to be invaded by migrating neural crest cells, results in hypomobility, constipation and congenital megacolon
Term
Imperforate anus
Definition
the anal membrane does not regress
Term
Vitelline Fistula
Definition
connection between the midgut and umbilicus
Term
Derivatives of the genital ducts: male
Definition
high level of testosterone stimulates development of the mesonephric duct Mullerian inhibiting factor prevents development of paramesonephric ducts
Term
Derivatives of the genital ducts: female
Definition
low level of testosterone prevents development of mesonephric ducts and no Mullerian inhibiting factor permits development of the paramesonephric ducts
Term
Mesonephric ducts: male
Definition
epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct
Term
Mesonephric ducts: female
Definition
epoophoron, paroophoron, Gartner’s duct
Term
Paramesonephric duct: male
Definition
appendix of testes and prostatic utricle
Term
Paramesonephric duct: female
Definition
uterine tube, uterus and superior part of vagina
Term
Horseshoe Kidney
Definition
occurs when the inferior poles of the kidneys contact each other before ascent the kidneys fuse and ascent to the lumbar region is prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery
Term
Bifid ureter
Definition
involves the ureteric bud
Term
Epispadias
Definition
rare seen with exstrophy of the bladder
Term
Hypospadias
Definition
common opening on the ventral aspect of the penis results from a failure of urethral folds to completely meet
Term
Turner’s syndrome
Definition
45 XO infantile female genitalia, ovarian streaks and webbed neck
Term
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Definition
47 XXY common (1/500) gynecomastia, infertile males
Term
External Genitalia:
Definition
after week 9 the genitalia can be distinguished as male or female!
Term
Gonads
Definition
develop from epiblast and migrate along the yolk sac and mesentery to the lumbar region
Term
Hydrocele
Definition
fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis from a patent processus vaginalis
Term
Urachal Fistula
Definition
connection from bladder to umbilicus
Term
Pharyngeal Clefts (Grooves)
Definition
four pairs ectoderm that forms only epithelium
Term
first Pharyngeal cleft
Definition
gives rise to the external auditory meatus.
Term
second through fourth Pharyngeal clefts typically regress
Definition
may form a cervical sinus.
Term
Pharyngeal Pouches
Definition
four pairs endoderm that forms only epithelium
Term
The first Pharyngeal pouch
Definition
gives rise to the auditory tube, mastoid antrum and tympanic cavity.
Term
The second Pharyngeal pouch
Definition
forms the palatine tonsil.
Term
The third Pharyngeal pouch
Definition
gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid gland.
Term
The fourth Pharyngeal pouch
Definition
gives rise to the superior parathyroid
Term
Pharyngeal Arches
Definition
There are five pharyngeal arches mesoderm forms skeletal muscle neural crest grows into each arch and forms all connective tissue (cartilage, bone and blood vessels)
Term
Torticollis
Definition
This is a condition characterized by a shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and results in an elevation of the chin to the opposite side can be caused by damage to the muscle, spinal accessory nerve or can be congenital.
Term
Lateral cervical cysts (branchial fistula)
Definition
arises from the second through fourth pharyngeal clefts
Term
Midline cysts
Definition
most often arise from a remnant of the thyroglossal duct (thyroglossal duct cysts)
Term
Cleft Lip
Definition
Results from failure of the maxillary prominence to join the medial nasal prominences to form the intermaxillary segment (primary palate derives from intermaxillary segment)
Term
Anterior cleft
Definition
anterior to incisive foramen lateral palatine process fails to fuse with primary palate
Term
Posterior cleft
Definition
occurs through the 2. palate where lateral palatine process don’t fuse or meet nasal septum
Term
Complete cleft
Definition
involves both the primary and secondary palate
Term
Situs inversus
Definition
reversal of organs can involve all organs or just single organs (heart dextrocardia)
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, paraxial mesoderm and dorsal mesentery of the esophagus
Term
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Definition
results from a failure of the pleuroperitoneal fold to close the pericardioperitoneal
Term
canal
Definition
most common on the left side
Term
Stem villi
Definition
form from trophoblast and somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm
Term
Intervillous space
Definition
contains maternal blood
Term
Changes at Birth: umbilical arteries ->
Definition
paired medial umbilical ligaments
Term
Changes at Birth: umbilical veins -->
Definition
round ligament of liver,
Term
Changes at Birth: urachus
Definition
median umbilical ligament,
Term
Changes at Birth: foramen ovale
Definition
fossa ovalis,
Term
Changes at Birth: ductus arteriosus
Definition
ligamentum arteriosum,
Term
Changes at Birth: ductus venosus
Definition
ligamentum venosum
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