Term
|
Definition
| Active at muscarinic and nicotonic receptors. Short half life, no clinical use. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscarinic activity. Used to treat ileus (postop/neurogenic) and urinary retention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater muscarinic activity than nicotonic. Used to diagnose bronchial hyperreactivity (methacholine challenge test) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscarinic activity. Used to tx. glaucoma (topical) and xerostomia as seen in Sjogren's syndrome (dry mouth). |
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Term
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Definition
| Short acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to diagnose myasthenia gravis. Used to differentiate myasthenia from cholinergic crisis as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is a tertiary amine (can enter CNS). Used to tx. glaucoma and is useful as an antidote for atropine overdose. |
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Term
| Neostigmine/pyridostigmine |
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Definition
| Quaternary amine acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(no CNS entry). Used to treat ileus, urinary retention, myasthenia, and to reverse nondepolarizing NM blockers (cuarine-like drugs). |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid soluble acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. |
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Term
| Organophosphate (-phate ending), echothiophate, malathion, parathion, sarin. |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble irriversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Can be used to treat glaucoma. Used as insecticides and as nerve gas. |
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Term
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Definition
| tertiary amine (enters CNS) muscarinic blocker. prototypical. Effects in order of increasing dose include decreased secretions, mydriasis and cycloplegia, hyperthermia, tachycardia, sedation, urinary retention and constipation, and behavioral excitation and hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| M blocker useful in ophthalmology (topical application). |
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Term
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Definition
| M blocker used in asthma and COPD (inhalational)-no CNS entry, no change in mucus viscosity. |
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Term
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Definition
| M blocker used in motion sickness, causes sedation and short-term memory block. |
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Term
| Benzotropine, trihexyphenidyl |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble (CNS entry) used in parkinsonism and in acute extrapyramidal symptoms induced by antipsychotics. |
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Term
| hexamethonium and mecamylamine |
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Definition
| Ganglion blocking agent which is useful to differentiate a BP reflex from being drug induced or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha 1 receptor agonist useful as a nasal decongestand and in ophthalmologic use (mydriasis without cycloplegia). |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha 1 agonist useful in paroxysmal atrial tachycardia through the vagal reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha 2 receptor agonist useful in treating mild to moderate hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta agonist (B1=B2) useful in treating bronchospasm, heart block, and bradyarrhythmias. Side effects include flushing, angina and arrhythmias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beta agonist (B1>B2) useful in congestive heart failure. |
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Term
| albuterol, and terbutaline |
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Definition
| Selective B2 agonists useful in the tx. of asthma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beta agonist used to prevent premature labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixed acting Alpha and Beta agonist that increases pulse pressure and has a risk of causing potential reflex bradycardia. No effect on B2 receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixed Alpha and Beta agonist that has 3 different patterns of activity depending on dosage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indirect acting adrenergic receptor agonists that can cause hypertensive crisis (don't take with MAOa inhibitors or with red wine or cheese. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect acting adrenergic receptor agonist that can cause extreme alpha 1 and beta 1 overreactivity. Can be used in narcolepsy and as a psychostimulant due to central release of DA, NE and serotonin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indirect acting adrenergic receptor agonists useful as an OTC cold medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Competitive Alpha inhibitor that can be used to tx. hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Gets outcompeted in pheochromocytoma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-competitive Alpha inhibitor that can be used to tx. hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drug of choice for pheochromocytoma. Use this before a B blocker in PCC. |
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Term
| Prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin |
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Definition
| Selective alpha 1 blocker useful in the treatment of hypertension. Also useful to decrease urinary frequency and nocturia in those with BPH. Good on lipid profile. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beta 1 selective beta blocker partial agonist (Class II antiarrhythmic). Can cause mild sedation. |
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Term
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Definition
| B1 selective beta blocker that is water soluble (no sedation effects). Can cause an increase of blood lipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| B1 selective Beta blocker that can cause mild sedation. Can cause an increase in blood lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta blocker partial agonist that can cause mild sedation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly sedating beta blocker (Class II antiarrhythmic) that is useful for treating tremors, fear, etc. Can increase blood lipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moderately sedative beta blocker that can increase blood lipids. Can be useful in glaucoma treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined alpha 1 and beta blocking drug useful in CHF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class III antiarrhythmic beta blocker (Potassium channel blockade). Useful in life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 1A antiarrhythmic (blocks fast Na channels in the activated state). Also causes muscarinic receptor blockade, alpha blockade, and can cause cinchonism (GI, tinnitus, ocular dysfunction, and CS excitation) and torsades. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class 1A antiarrhythmic (blocks fast Na channels in the activated state). Metabolized via N-acetyltransferase to form an active metabolite. Can cause SLE-like syndrome especially in slow acetylators and torsades. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 1B antiarrhythmic (blocks fast Na channels in the inactivated state). Useful antidote in digoxin toxicity and as post MI therapy due to its selectivity for hypoxia damaged cardiac muscle. Given IV to avoid first pass metabolism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class 1B antiarrhythmic (blocks fast Na channels in the inactivated state). Useful antidote in digoxin toxicity and as post MI therapy due to its selectivity for hypoxia damaged cardiac muscle. Given orally and thus can be used out patient unlike lidocaine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class 1C antiarrhythmic (blocks fast Na channels in the resting state). Can lead to sudden death post MI and has limited usage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class II antiarrhythmic drug (cardioselective Beta Blocker) not useful in prophylaxis post-MI but beneficial after acute SVTs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class III Potassium channel blocker. Mimics classes I, II, III an IV. Can cause pulmonary fibrosis (hapten formation via idionation), smurf skin (idonation of carbohydrates), and thyroid dysfunction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class IV antiarrhythmic. Decreases SA and AV nodal activity by blocking calcium channels. Useful in SVTs and in reducing hypertension by causing smooth muscle relaxation. Can cause constipation and AV block. Additive AV block with digoxin or B blockers. Also, can displace digoxin from tissue binding sites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class IV antiarrhythmic. Decreases SA and AV nodal activity by blocking calcium channels. Useful in SVTs and in treating hypertension. Can cause AV block. Additive AV block with digoxin or B blockers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unclassified antiarrhythmic used to increase Gi-coupled receptor activity. DOC for paroxysmal SVT and AV nodal arrhythmias. Antagonized by theophylline and caffeine (methylxanthines) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unclassified antiarrhythmic used to treat torsades. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antihypertensive drug that acts by destroying the vesicles of norepinephrine peripherally. Also decreases the norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the CNS. Has a serious risk of depression due to this, and can increase GI secretions by up regulation the PANS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| antihypertensive drug that enters sypathetic nerve terminals and bind to the vesicles of NE, inhibiting release. Antagonized by tricyclic antidepressants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antihypertensive direct acting arteriolar dilator that is useful in moderate to severe hypertension. Can cause SLE-like syndrome. Relatively safe in pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antihypertensive that dilates both arterioles and venules via its direct action. Can cause cyanide toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antihypertensive drug that acts by opening potassium channels and hyperpolarizing smooth muscle. Results in arteriolar vasodilation selectively. Often used to treat severe hypertension and has been found to be effective in treating male pattern baldness. Can cause hypertrichosis (abnormal hair growth). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antihypertensive drug that acts by opening potassium channels and hyperpolarizing smooth muscle. Results in arteriolar vasodilation selectively. Used in hypertensive emergencies. Can cause hyperglycemia by reducing insulin release. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that can reduce TPR by relaxing smooth muscle. Also useful in treating vasospastic angina. Side effects include reflex tachycardia and gingival hyperplasia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension. Can cause a dry cough, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Contraindicated in pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endothelin antagonist used to vasodilate vessels in hypertensive patients. Conraindicated in pregnancy. Used to treat pulmonary hypertension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| prostacyclin (PGI2) used to cause vasodilation in hypertensive patients. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Needs slow IV infusion and inpatient care. Used to treat pulmonary hypertension. Platelet stabilizer and vasodilator |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor which causes pulmonary artery relaxation and decreases pulmonary hypertension by increasing cGMP levels. Used to treat erectile dysfunction as well. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor of cardiac Na/K ATPase with the goal of increasing intracellular calcium levels and increasing the contractility of a heart in heart failure. Need caution in renal impairment. Useful for CHO and SVTs (except Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). Do not use in hypokalemic patients (Loop and thiazide diuretic usage patients) or with quinidine or verapamil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Increase the cAMP levels in the heart to increase inotropy. Also, the increase in cAMP of smooth muscle helps to decrease TPR. Useful in CHF. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loop diuretic used in CHF patients. Primarily treats backward failure (passive congestion). Blocks aldosterone and androgen receptors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Recombinant form of human B-type naturetic peptide. Useful in treating acutely decompensated CHF. Expensive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| B1 selective beta blocker useful in treating non-vasospastic angina; particularly angina of effort. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nitrate used to treat angina of effort by allowing for vasodilation through increased NO levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocker of the late inward sodium current which cause increased sodium levels (and thereby increased calcium levels) in ischemic cardiac myocytes. Used to treat angina. Results in decreased end diastolic pressure and improvement of diastolic coronary flow. Contraindicated in patients with long QT syndrome due to QT prolongation effects. Also contraindicated in patients taking drugs which already prolong the QT interval (magnesium, etc.). |
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Term
|
Definition
| osmotic diuretic that inhibits water reabsorption throughout the tubule. Useful in IOP glaucoma, to decrease intracerebral pressure, and in oliguric states (rhabdomyolysis) as caused by some drugs (statins). Can cause acute hypovolemia. |
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Term
| Acetazolamide, dorzolamide |
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Definition
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that results in a decreased formation of hydrogen ions inside PCT cells, decreased sodium/hydrogen antiport activity, increased sodium and HCO3 levels in the lumen of the PCT, and ultimately increased diuresis. Useful in glaucoma, acute mountain sickness, and in metabolic alkalosis. Side effects include hypokalemia, acidosis, hyperchloremia, paresthesias, renal stones and sulfonamide hypersensitivity. |
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Term
| furosemide, ethacrynic acid, torsemide |
|
Definition
| Loop diuretic: inhibits the Na/K/2Cl transporter of the TAL and results in decreased intracellular K in TAL, decreased back diffusion of K, decreased positive potential of the cells in the TAL, decreased CA and Mg reabsorption, and increased diuresis. Used in acute pulm. edema, HF, HTN, refractory edema, ARF, and hypercalcemic states. Co-administration with NSAIDS can cancel the antihypertensive action of loop diuretics due to the inhibition of prostaglandins. Can see sulfonamide hypersensitivity and ototoxicity with this drug, especially with co-admin. of aminoglycosides. |
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Term
| hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, metolazone |
|
Definition
| Thiazide diuretic: blocks the Na/Cl transporter of the DCT and increased luminal Na and Cl in the lumen, leading to diuresis. Used in HTN, CHF, nephrolithiasis (calcium stones), and neprogenid ciabetes insipidus. Can see sulfonamide hypersensitivity, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hpyeruricemia. Also can cause hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. |
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Term
| Spironolactone, eplerenone |
|
Definition
| potassium sparing diuretic due to its anagonism of aldosterone receptors. Has antiandrogenic uses to treat female hirsutism as well as being an adjunct to K wasting diuretics in HF or HTN patients. |
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Term
|
Definition
| potassium sparing diuretic that acts by blocking sodium channels. Adjunct to K wasting diuretics and to treat lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| potassium sparing diuretic that acts by blocking sodium channels. Adjunct to K wasting diuretics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| HMG-CoA redutase inhibitor used to treat hyperlipidemia. Results in decreased liver cholesterol, increased LDL receptor expression, decreased plasma LDL, and decreased VLDL synthesis (causing decreased hypertriglycemia). Can cause myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, and hepatotoxicity. Omeprazole and grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of this drug to unsafe levels (cP450 inhibitors in general). |
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Term
| Cholestyramine, colestipol |
|
Definition
| Bile acid sequesterant that aims to decrease the enterohepatic recirculation of bile salts, and induce the synthesis of new bile salts by the liver. This decreases liver cholesterol, increases LDL receptor expression, and decreases blood LDL. Can increase VLDL and triglycerides, so it is contraindicated in pts with hypertriglycemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Superdose of this vitamin causes decreased plasma VLDL, decreased LDL, and increased HDL by inhibiting VLDL synthesis. Can cause flushing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fibrate drugs which bind PPARa and increase lipoprotein lipase expression resulting in decreased VLDL, IDL and LDL in the bloodstream. Can result in gallstones and myositis. Contraindicated in patients in patients with hypercholesterolemia; reserved for those with hypertriglycemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prevents intestinal absorption of cholesterol to decrease LDL. Can cause GI distress. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pancreatic lipase inhibitor used primarily in weight loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety, panic and phobias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety, and withdrawal states. Used also as a muscle relaxant and in preop sedation. Halflife is relatively long at 8 hours for the drug, but 60 hours as its active metabolite nordiazepam. IV dosage availible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety and status epilepticus (IV dosage for this). Can also be used for preop sedation. Doesn't need liver activation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used as an anesthetic (IV) and in preop sedation. Has an extremely short halflife. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used to treat sleep disorders only. Short half life and lacks metabolites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. Extremely short half life and lacks metabolites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| barbituate drug used for seizures. Useful IM for febrile seizures. Can induce the P450 system and cause accelerated clearance of other drugs. Contraindicated in porphyrias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| barbituate drug used for the induction of anesthesia. Can induce the P450 system and cause accelerated clearance of other drugs. Contraindicated in porphyrias. IV anesthetic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-benzodiazepine BZ1 receptor agonists. Used in sleep disorders and have less tolerance and abuse liability when compared to benzos. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist; no effect on GABA receptors. Used in general anxiety disorders. Nonsedative. Takes a couple of weeks to take effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Converted to glycoaldehyde, then converted to glycolic acid. Finally becomes oxalic acid and can cause metabolic acidosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Converted to formaldehyde and then to formic acid. Can cause ocular damage once converted to this form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant drug that blocks axonal sodium channels in their inactive state, preventing seizure propagation. Indicated in partial seizures (simple or complex), tonic clonic seizures, and in status epilepticus. Follows zero-order kinetics of elimination. Contraindicated in prophyrias. Can cause gingival hyperplasia and hirsutism. Also can cause osteomalacia (decreased vitamin D), megaloblastic anemia (decreased folate), and aplastic anemia. Teratogenic; causing cleft lip and palate. Induces cP450s |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant drug that blocks axonal sodium channels in their inactive state, preventing seizure propagation. Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia, and can als be used in partial (simple and complex) seizures, and general tonic clonic seizures. Can be helpful to control the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Can cause an increase in ADH secretion and induce CNS edema; with the risk of causing herniation (only with high doses). Can cause gingival hyperplasia and hirsutism. Also can cause osteomalacia (decreased vitamin D), megaloblastic anemia (decreased folate), and aplastic anemia. Teratogenic; causing cleft lip, cleft palate AND spina bifida (due to folate effects). Induces cP450s. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant drug that blocks axonal sodium channels in their inactive state, preventing seizure propagation as well as inhibiting GABA transaminase. Also blocks T-type Ca channels in the thalamus. Can be used in all seizure states (including absence seizures), bipolar disorder, and as mmigrane prophylaxis. Inhibits cytochrome P450s. Can be hepatotoxic, cause thyombocytopenia, pancreatitis, and alopecia. Can cause spina bifida. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant that blocks T-type Ca channels in thalamic neurons and is the DOC in absence seizures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant which blocks Na channels and glutamate receptors. Used as an adjunct in seizure states. Can cause hepatotoxicity and aplastic anemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant which blocks Na channels and glutamate receptors. Used as an adjunct in seizure states. Can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticonvulsant drug that is often used off label for neuralgias. Increases the effects of GABA and can be used in patients with long QT syndrome. Can rarely cause aplastic anemia, but sedation is a common side effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Weakest of all inhaled anesthetics. Has minimal CV effects and has rapid onset and recovery. No metabolism. Can cause diffusional hypoxia and spontaneous abortions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Strong inhaled anesthetic which can sensitize the heart to catecholamines. Has a risk of malignant hyperthermia, hepatitis, and cardiac arrhythmias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| IV anesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Antiemetic (can avoid aspiration pneumonia). CNS and cardiac depressant. Milk-like appearance. No analgesic effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| IV opioid anesthetic and analgesic. Used to induce and maintain anesthesia. Risk of depressed respiratory function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dissociative IV anesthetic useful in children. NMDA receptor antagonist. Used to induce anesthesia. Can cause emergent delirium and vivid hallucinations. Cardiovascular stimulation makes it a good choice in the elderly undergoing surgery. Can increase intracranial pressure. |
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|
Term
Procaine, benzocaine (esters)
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine (Amides) |
|
Definition
| Local anesthetic which blocks inactivated Na channels in peripheral nerves. Affects smaller nerve fibers sooner and lasts longer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| nondepolarizing (competitive) D-tubocurarine like muscle relaxant drug that is safe to use in hepatic or renal impairment due to spontaneous inactivation. However, its inactivated product laudanosine can cause seizures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| nondepolarizing (competitive) D-tubocurarine like muscle relaxant that allows for rapid patient recovery. Metabolized by plasma cholinesterases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| depolarizing (noncompetitive) muscle relaxant that first causes depolariziation, fasciculation, prolonged depolarization and paralysis followed by phase II which casues desensitization. ACHE inhibitors increase the first phase. Can cause malignant hyperthermia. |
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Term
| Meperidine, heroin, morphine |
|
Definition
| Full opioid agonist analgesic with antimuscarinic properties (no miosis unlike others in its class). Tachycardia risk, but doesn't have the risk of GI/GU/ or gallbladder spasms. Metabolized to normeperidine by P450, an SSRI. Can cause serotonin syndrome and seizures in this way. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Full opioid agonist analgesic used in the maintenance of opioid addicts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Full opioid partial agonist used as a cough suppressant and as a weak analgesic. Used in combination with NSAIDS typically. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial opioid agonist that can precipitate withdrawal in an opioid addict. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mixed agonist-antagonist of opioid kappa receptors (agonist) and mu receptors (antagonist). Can cause analgesia but often results in dysphoria and can precipitate withdrawal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opioid receptor antagonist used in the reversal of respiratory depression in an opioid OD (IV). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opioid receptor antagonist given orally to decrease the craving for alcohol and used in opiate addiction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opioid receptor antagonistused to treat opioid induced constipation. Won't precipitate withdrawal because it doesn't cross the BBB. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prodrug used in Parkinson's disease that is converted to dopamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) centrally. Always given with carbidopa (peripheral AAAD inhibitor). |
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Term
|
Definition
| COMT inhibitors centrally that enhance levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. can be hepatotoxic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| MAOb selective inhibitor centrally (no tyramine interactions). Initial treatment and adjunct to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. |
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|
Term
| Bromocriptine, perogolide, pramipexole, ropinirole |
|
Definition
| Dopamine receptor agonist used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Can also be used in hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly. |
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|
Term
| Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, diphenhydramine |
|
Definition
| Decrease Ach function in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Contraindicated in patients with BPH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anti-viral drug that blocks muscarinic receptors and increases dopamine release; useful in Parkinson's disease. Can cause livedo reticularis. Can also cause atropine-like side effects (The three C's; Cardiotoxicity, convulsions, and coma). Blocks the attachment, penetration, and uncoating of the influenza virus. Used prophylactically, but may decrease the duration of flu symptoms by 1-2 days. Can cause CNS effects (nervousness, insomnia and seizures in OD) and can cause the three C's of atropine like effects and livedo reticularis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| antipsychotic drug useful for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Typical antipsychotic with moderate EPS, Muscarinic block, sever sedation and severe alpha block properties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Typical antipsychotic with low EPS (autotreats itself), Severe muscarinic block, severe sedation, and severe alpha block properties. can cause torsades (quinidine-like) and retinal deposits. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| typical antipsychotic with severe EPS, low muscarinic block, low sedation, and low alpha block properties. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Typical antipsychotic with severe EPS, low M block, low sedation, and low alpha block properties. Can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome and TD more commonly than other typicals. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Atypical antipsychotic with negligible EPS, moderate M block, low sedation, and Severe alpha blocking properties. Blocks D2c and 5HT2 receptors. Can cause agranulocytosis. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| atypical antipsychotic with negligible EPS, low M block, low sedation and moderate alpha block. Blocks 5HT2 receptors and improves negative psychotic symptoms (Amotivation, social withdrawal, flat affect, poverty of speech). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| atypical antipsychotic with low EPS, negligible M block, moderate sedation and moderate alpha block. Blocks 5HT2 receptors and improves negative psychotic symptoms (Amotivation, social withdrawal, flat affect, poverty of speech). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| atypical antipsychotic with low EPS, negligible M block, negligible sedation and negligible alpha block. Partial agonist of D2 receptors and blocks 5HT2 receptors. |
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|
Term
| Phenelzine, tranylcypromine |
|
Definition
| MAOa and MAOb non-selective inhibitor used to treat depression. Contraindicated in patients who are on TCAs, alpha1 agonists, and levodopa. Avoid tyramine (cheeses, etc.). Can cause serotonin syndrome especially with co-administration of amphetamines and/or ephedrine. |
|
|
Term
| amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine |
|
Definition
| Tricyclic antidepressant: nonspecific blockade of 5HT and NE reuptake. Used in major depression, phobic/panic anxiety states, OCD, neurpathic pain, and enuresis. Can cause muscarinic and alpha blockade side effects. Antagonistic of alpha 2 agonists and guanethidine. |
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|
Term
| Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertaline, citalopram, fluvoxamine |
|
Definition
| SSRI drug; blocks 5HT reuptake. Used in Major depression, ODC,bulimia, anxiety disorders and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Can cause anxiety, agitation, bruxism, sexual dysfunction, and weight loss. Can inhibit P450 enzymes. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antidepressant associated with cardiac arrhythmias and priapism due to its alpha 1 blockade effects. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-selective reuptake blocker antidepressant devoid of ANS side effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dopamine reuptake blocker antidepressant. Useful in smoking cessation programs. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Alpha 2 antagonist used as an antidepressant. Associated with weight gain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| DOC for bipolar disordes, bu usually requires antidepressant/antipsychotic co-administration in a full regimen. Prevents recycling of inositol (decreased PIP2) and decreases cAMP. Very narrow therapeutic index. Can cause hypothyroidism by decreasing TSH effects and can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Teratogenic (Ebstein's anomaly-malformed tricuspid valve). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Amphetamine-like drug used in ADHD. Can cause agitation, restlessness, insomina, and cardiovascular toxicity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Selective NE reuptake inhibitor used in ADHD. Side effects similar to TCAs (muscarinic and alpha blockade). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Local anesthetic which blocks inactivated Na channels in peripheral nerves. Affects smaller nerve fibers sooner and lasts longer. Drug of abuse due to its effects of blocking DA, NE and 5HT reuptake centrally. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blockade of reuptake of NE and Da. Release amines from mobile pool, weak MAO inhibitor. Drug of abuse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotic which inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. Requires conversion to its active form via catalase, therefore resistance develops due to deletions of the katG gene. Can cause hepatitis, peripheral neuritis (B6 deficiency, sideroblastic anemia (B6 deficiency), and SLE in slow acetylators |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase as its mechanism of action. Can cause hepatitis, P450 induction, and can cause tears and other body secretions to become red-orange due to metabolite formation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits the synthesis of arabingalactan (cell wall component) by blocking arabingalactan synthase. Can cause dose dependent retrobulbar neuritis leading to decreased visual accuity and decreased red-greed discrimination. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Largely unknown mechanism but seems to work by blocking an enzyme that causes the interior of the bacteria to become frankly acidic (due to product buildup), leading to cell death. Can cause hepatitis and hyperuricemia. Antituberculosis drug. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis inhibitor (aminoglycoside) used IV for TB while in the hospital. Can cause deafness, vestibular dysfunction, and nephrotoxicity. |
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|
Term
| penicillin G, V, benzathine penicillin |
|
Definition
| narrow spectrum beta lactamase sensitive inhibitor of cell wall synthesis useful for treponema pallidum. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| beta lactamase resistant cell wall synthesis inhibitor. Narrow spectrum; useful only really for non-resistant staphylococci. Don't require renal dosing correction with renal disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| aminopenicillin; beta-lactam sensitive and broad spectrum. Useful for gram positive cocci besides staphylococci, and a number of gram negative organisms (E. coli, B. burgdorferi, H. pylori, etc.) |
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|
Term
| ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin |
|
Definition
| extended spectrum, antipseudomonal, beta-lactamase sensitive inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. Great for pseudomonas aeruginosa and a number of other gram negative rods. Can be combined with clavulanic acid to avoid beta lactamase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| beta lactamase resistant cell wall synthesis inhibitor. Narrow spectrum; useful only really for non-resistant staphylococci. |
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Term
|
Definition
| first generation cephalosporin. Large spectrum of activity and commonly used in surgical prophylaxis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| second generation cephalosporin. Wide range spectrum with increased gram negative coverage over first generation. Like first generations, doesn't enter the CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| second generation cephalosporin. Wide range spectrum with increased gram negative coverage over first generation. Enters the CNS unlike others in its generation. |
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|
Term
| cefotaxime, cefdinir, cefixime |
|
Definition
| Third generation cephalosporin. Enters the CNS and is important in empiric management of meningitis and sepsis. |
|
|
Term
| Ceftriaxone, cefoperazone |
|
Definition
| Third generation cephalosporin. Doesn't enter CNS (TOO lipid soluble and heavily protein bound!) eliminated in bile and don't require dose adjustment in renal failure. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fourth generation cephalosporin. Wide spectrum and resistant to beta lactamases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, resistant to betalactamases. Can treat everything but MRSA. Useful empiric agent in hospitals for life threatening infections. Must be administered with cilastatin to prevent renal damage via toxic metabolites. Can cause CNS effects and seizures with overdose (such as in renal dysfunction). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, resistant to betalactamases. Can treat everything but MRSA. Useful empiric agent in hospitals for life threatening infections. Doesn't require any co-administrations for toxicity. Must be renally dosed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Useful cell wall synthesis inhibitor (beta lactamase resistant) in that patients allergic to penicillin with a pseudomonas infection can be treated with this drug without worry of allergy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds at the D-ala-D-ala muramyl pentapeptide to inhibit peptidoglycan chain elongation. DOC for MRSA and can be use'j[d for enteroocci and C. difficile as a backup drug. Can cause "red man syndrome" and can cause ototoxicity and neprotoxicity. |
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|
Term
| gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycoside (bactericidal) uptaken via O2 dependent mechanisms (anaerobes intrinsically resistant). Not the drug of choice for yersinia pestis and tularemia. Can cause neprotoxicity and ototoxicity. May have an additive effect on muscle relaxants due to its blockade of ACh release. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Aminoglycoside (bactericidal) uptaken via O2 dependent mechanisms (anaerobes intrinsically resistant). Drug of choice for yersinia pestis and tularemia. an cause neprotoxicity and ototoxicity. Can have an additive effect on muscle relaxants due to its blockade of ACh release. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tetracycline antibiotic: blocks the attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the acceptor site (static). Useful in prosatitis because it reaches high levels in prostatic fluid. DOC in lyme's disease (B. burgdorferi). Eliminated via the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tetracycline antibiotic: blocks the attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the acceptor site (static). In saliva and tears in high concentrations. Used in the meningococcal carrier state and in dentistry. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tetracycline antibiotic: blocks the attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the acceptor site (static). Used in SIADH by blocking ADH receptor function in collecting ducts. Distractor on exams; not used as an antibiotic!!! |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tetracycline antibiotic: blocks the attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the acceptor site (static). Used in complicated skin, soft tissue, and intestinal infections due to resistant gram +, gram - and anaerobic infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor of the activity of peptidyl transferase in the 50S bacterial subunit. (static antibiotic). Metabolized by the liver and inhibits the P450 system. Can cause dose-dependent bone marrow suppression commonly, aplastic anemia is rare. Can cause "gray baby" syndrome in neonates. |
|
|
Term
| erythormycn, azithromycin, clarithromycin |
|
Definition
| Macrolide antibiotic; DOC for L. pneumophila. INhibit cP450s. Can cause reversible deafness at high doses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A ketolide antibiotic active against macrolide resistant S. pneumonia (an important cause of meningitis and otitis media in young children) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macrolide-like antibiotic in that it inhibits translocation of peptidyl tRNA from acceptor to donor site (static). Effective against gram positive cocci including community acquired MRSA and anaerobes such as B. fragilis as a backup drug. Gets high conc. in bone which is of value in osteomylitis. Most likely cause of pseudomembranous colitis due to C. difficile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits the formation of the initiation complex in bacterial translation systems by preventing the formation of the N-formylmethionyl-tRNA-ribosome-mRNA ternary complex. Treats VRSA, VRE and drug resistant pneumococci. Can cause bone marrow suppression and tends to specifically cause thrombocytopenia. |
|
|
Term
| Quinopristin-dalfopristin |
|
Definition
| Streptogamin hat acts by binding to sites on the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevent interaction of amino-acyl-tRNA with the acceptor site and stimulate its dissociation. Used parenterally in severe infections caused by VRSA and VRE as well as other drug resistant gram positive cocci. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| prodrug folic acid synthesis inhibitor used prophylactically in burns, in ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase in the first step of folate synthesis. Can lead to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hemolysis (with G6PD deficiency), and phototoxicity. |
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|
Term
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
|
Definition
| Folic acid synthesis inhibitor and the DOC of Nocardia infections. Can also be used to treat the fungus pneumocystis hiroveci as a backup. Alco can treat the protozoa toxoplasma gondii. Can cause kernicterus in neonates and should be avoided in pregnancy, especially in the 3rd trimester. Can lead to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hemolysis (with G6PD deficiency), phototoxicity and leukopenia via bone marrow suppression. |
|
|
Term
| ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin |
|
Definition
| fluroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits topoisomerase II; bacteriocidal. Useful in UTIs, STDs, PIDs, and in bone infections due to gram negative organisms. Can cause tendonitis (achilles tendon rupture), phototoxicity, rashes, CNS effects (insomnia, dizziness, headaches, etc). Contraindicated in pregnancy and children due to the inhibition of chondrogenesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bactericidal antibiotic that creates free radicals which destroy organisms. Also antiprotozoal (giardia, trichomonas, entamoeba). Strong against anaerobic gram negative bacteroides, clostridium, gardnerella and H. pylori. DOC in pseudomembranous colitis. Can cause a metalic like taste in the mouth and have a disulfram like effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polyene fungicidal drug that is the DOC for serious infections caused by aspergillus, candidia, cryptococcus, histoplasma, mucor, and sporothrix. Synergystic with flucytosine in candidiasis and cryptococcoses. Requires inpatient tx. due to the need to be slowly IV infused. Poor CNS transfusion without intrathecal administration. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Polyene fungicidal drug that is too toxic for systemic use. Used topically for localized infections (e.g. candidiasis). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Azole antifungal. Oral use in mucocutaneous candidiasis or dermatophytosis. Co-DOC for paracoccidioides and backup for blastomyces and histoplasma. Excreted via liver. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Azole antifungal. DOC for esophageal and invasive candidiasis and coccidioidomycoses (gargle method, unlike Amphotericin B). Can be used in prophylaxis of C meningitis. Penetrates to the CNS and can thus be used to treat meningeal infections, unlike others in its class. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Azole antifungal used topically for candidal and dermatophytic infections. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Azole antifungal. DOC in blastomycoses, sporotrichoses, and aspergillosis. Back up for several others. Excreted via liver. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Azole antifungal. DOC in blastomycoses, sporotrichoses, and aspergillosis. Back up for several others. Excreted via the kidney and needs to be renally dosed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated via fungal cytosine deaminase to 5-FU and incorporates itself into fungal RNA, halting protein synthesis. Also forms 5-Fd-UMP which inhibits thymidylate synthase. Resistance emerges rapidly if used alone. Toxic to bone marrow. Used with amphotericin B in severe candidal and cryptococcal infections. Can enter CSF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active only against dermatophytes (orally, not topically) by disrupting microtubule structure in fungi. Has a disulfram like effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active against dermatophytes by inhibiting sqaline epoxidase (step before azole MOA). Can cause possible hepatotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antiviral bioactivated by thymidine kinase (TK) and host cell kinases to the triphsophate form. Acts as a chain terminator when incorporated into the viral DNA. Active againt HSV and VZV. Can cause cystalluria and nerotoxicity. NOT hematotoxic. Inactive against TK negative strains. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antiviral drug that requires thymidine kinase for activity. Active against HSV, VZV, and CMV. Mostly used as CMV prophylaxis in AIDS patients. Dose limiting hematotoxicity and can cause seizures in OD. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antiviral that is not an antimetabolite. Useful against HSV, VZV and CMV and in CMV prophylaxis in AIDS patients. Dose limiting nephrotoxicity with tubular necrosis. Avoid coadministration of pentamidine IV as this can increase the nephrotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that comptes with natural nucleotides and can be incorporated into viral DNA to cause chain termination. Can cause severe bone marrow suppression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that comptes with natural nucleotides and can be incorporated into viral DNA to cause chain termination. Can cause pncreatitis (major and dose limiting), peripheral neuropathy, hyperuricemia and liver dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that comptes with natural nucleotides and can be incorporated into viral DNA to cause chain termination. Can cause peripheral neuropathy (major and dose limiting), GI distress, pancreatitis, neutropenia and rash. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that comptes with natural nucleotides and can be incorporated into viral DNA to cause chain termination. Would compete with AZT if given together. Can cause peripheral neuropathy (major and dose limiting) and myelosuppression (less than zidovudine). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that comptes with natural nucleotides and can be incorporated into viral DNA to cause chain termination. Least toxic of the NRTIs, but some GI effects and neutropenia. Active in hepatitis B. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease inhibitor that requires the action of aspartate protease (on the pol gene) for its action. Can cause crystalluria and needs adequate hydration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease inhibitor that requires the action of aspartate protease (on the pol gene) for its action. Major drug interactions due to inhibition of P450s. Can cause a syndrome of disordered lipid an CHO metabolism with central adipositiy and insulin resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease inhibitor that requires the action of aspartate protease (on the pol gene) for its action. One of the least toxic PIs, and has low oral bioavailibility which can predispose to resistance. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrase inhibitor used in HIV patients preventing integration of viral genome in host cell DNA. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusion inhibitor that binds gp41 and inhibits fusion if HIV-1 to CD4+ cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks CCR5 protein on T-cell surface and prevents viral entry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit neuraminidases of influenza A and B and decreases the likelihood that the virus will penetrate uninfected cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monophosphorylated form inhibits IMP dehydrogenase, while the triphosphate form inhibits viral RNA polymerase and end-capping of viral RNA. Used as a adjunct to alpha-interferons in hepatitis C and in the management of RSV in HIV pts. Used also in Lassa fever and in Hantavirus infections. Hematotoxic and teratogenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used as the primary treatment of hepatitis B, C and D and can be used as an anti-tumor agent for Kaposi's sarcoma, CML, multiple myeloma, and renal carcinoma. Can also be immunoregulatory and treat MS and possibly CGD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug of choice for P. falciparum and P. malariae and is part of a regimen with primaquine for P. vivax and P. ovale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of co-treatment for P. vivax and P. ovale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DOC for pinworm infections. Can decrease glucose uptake in these organisms and diminish their microtubular structure. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases the calcium influx and vacuolization of cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). Broad spectrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihistamine with severe M block, Severe sedation, and high anti-motion sickness properties. Widely used OTC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihistamine with severe M block, Severe sedation, and moderate anti-motion sickness properties. Also has some alpha blocking properties and local anesthetic action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihistamine with moderate M block, moderate sedation, and moderate anti-motion sickness properties. Can cause CNS stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihistamine with moderate M block, moderate sedation, and extremely effective anti-motion sickness properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-sedating antihistamine with minor M block properties, minor sedation and no antimotion effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-sedating antihistamine with minor M block properties, no sedation and no antimotion effects. Cannot enter the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H2 receptor blocker used to suppress secretory responses to food stimulation and nocturnal secretion of gastric acid. Useful today in GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and as a backup to PPIs in PUD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible, direct inhibitor of the proton pump in the gastric parietal cell. Part of the eradication regimen for H. pylori (Clarithromycin, amoxicillin, omeprazole). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| PGE anaog which is cytoprotective. Increases mucus and bicarbonate secretion and decreases HCl secretion in the stomach. This is the "antidote" to asprin induced ulcers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymerizes on GI lumenal surface to protect the walls of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coats luminal wall of the stomach to protect ulcers. Can be combined with metronidazole and tetracycline for H. pylori |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base that neutralizes stomach acid. Can cause constipation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base that neutralizes stomach acid. Can ause diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Prochlorperazine, metoclopramide |
|
Definition
| DA antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting, especially in in cancer chemotherapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannibinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist used primarily to avoid nausea and vomiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agonist at 5HT1d receptors in cerebral vessels. Used to decrease migraine pain. Can cause asthenia, chest or throat pressure, and/or pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5HT2 antagonist used in carcinoid syndrome, GI tumors, and postgastrectomy. Also used for anorexia nervosa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antagonist of 5HT3 receptors and prevents emesis in chemotherapy patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial agonist at alpha and 5HT2 receptors in the periphery and possibly in the CNS. Vasoconstrictive action causes a decrease in pulsation that may break a migrane. Used in acute migrane attacks. May cause GI distress, ischemia, gangrene, and abortion if near term. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease phospholipase A2 activity and contributes to both antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits lipoxygenase and decreases LTs. used in asthma treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LT receptor antagonist used in the treatment of asthma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PGE1 agonist used to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosis and to help with vasodilation in male impotence. Contraindicated in pregnancy unless as an abortifacient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PGE2 agonist used for "cervical ripening" and as an abortifacient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PGF2alpha agonist used as an abortifacient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PGF2alpha agonist used for the treatment of glaucoma to decrease intraocular pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible inhibitor of COX. Can cause hyperuricemia at low to moderate doses, and uricosuria at high doses. Reye's syndrome due to uncoupling is a risk in children. |
|
|
Term
| Ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac |
|
Definition
| Reversible inhibitor of COX I and II with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory actions. Minimal effects on acid base balance and has no effects on uric acid elimination. Doesn't cause thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, CNS effects, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or hematotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversible inhibitor of COX I and II with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory actions. Minimal effects on acid base balance and has no effects on uric acid elimination. Can cause thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and CNS effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversible inhibitor of COX I and II with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory actions. Minimal effects on acid base balance and has no effects on uric acid elimination. Can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or hematotoxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selective COX II inhibitor. Cross sensitivity with sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not inhibit COX in peripheral tissues and lax significant anti-inflammatory effects. Equivalent analgesic and antipyretic activity to ASA due to inhibition of cyclooxygenases in the CNS. Not implicated in Reye syndrome and has no effect on uric acid. Not bronchospastic. Can be hepatotoxic and can be managed with N-acetylcysteine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stabilizes lysosomes and decreases chemotaxis of WBCs in order to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Can cause GI distress and visual dysfunction (cinchonism) and hemolysis in G6PD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic drug to lymphocytes used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Can be hematotoxic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases B-cell functions and possibly inhibits COX. Used to treat RA. Can cause Hemolysis in G6PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suppresses T cells and circulating rheumatoid factor to treat RA. Can also chelate copper and treat Wilson's disease. Can cause proteinurea, hematotoxicity and autoimmune disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds TNF as a recombinant form of TNF receptor. Predisposes to infection. Used to tx. RA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody to TNF; used to tx. RA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to tubulin to decrease microtubular polymerization and decrease LTB4. This decreases leukocyte and granulocyte migration. Used historically to tx. gout. Can cause diarrhea and GI pain. With chronic use, this can cause hematuria, alopecia, myelosuppression, gastritis and peripheral neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prodrug that acts as a suicide substrate for xanthine oxidase (forms alloxanthine). Decreased purine metabolism thus leads to decreased uric acid in gout patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits proximal tubular reabsorption of urate, but ineffective of GFR less than 50mL/min. Also inhibits secretion of many acidic drugs (cephalasporins, flurorquinolones). ASA may decrease its effects. |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol, Prednisone, Triamcinolone, Betamethasone, Dexamethasone |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoid. Can cause cortical arophy, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever. May cause shock with abrupt withdrawal. Can also cause iatrogenic cushingoid syndrome with long term use. Other effects include hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and increased GI acid and pepsin release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selective B2 agonists useful in the tx. of asthma. Useful in decreasing nighttime attacks (prophylaxis only) due to its long time of action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor of PDE and antagonises adenosine causing bronchodilation. Used in asthma. Increased toxicity by erythromycin, cimetidine and fluoroquinolones. Can be useful in status asthmaticus especially in pts. with a loss of beta agonist sensitivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent degranulation of pulmonary mast cells and decrease the release of histamine, PAF, and LTC4 from inflammatory cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antagonists at LTD4 receptors with slow onset of activity used prophylactically for many asthma forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selective inhibitor of lipoxygenases. Decreases the formation of all leukotrinenes. Rapid onset and is adjunctive to steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large polysaccharide given parenterally and elimiated hepatically and via the reticuloendothelial route. Half life of about 2 hours. Catalyzes the binding of antithrombin III to factors IIa, IXa, Xa XIa, and XIIa, resulting in their rapid inactivation. Monitored via PTT. Antagonized by protamine sulfate. Used in rapid anticoagulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecule that is lipid soluble. 98% lipid bound once absorbed. Halflife reflects this; 30+ hours. Decreased synthesis of K-Dependent factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S. No effect on factors already present (works in vivo only because of this!). Measured via PT/INR. Antagonized by K megadose. Used for longer term anticoagulation. Can cause skin necrosis with low protein C. Teratogenic (bone dysmorphogenesis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substitute for a patient suffering from HIT. Direct thrombin inhibitor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral anticoagulant that does not require monitoring of PT or INR. Used in A. fib as an alternative to warfarin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used with asprin in unstable angina when undergoing PTCA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acts on both bound and free plasminogen depleting circulating plasminogen and factors V and VIII. Antigenic and may cause a problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CLot specific, acting mainly on fibrin-bound plasminogen, the natural activator, so no allergy problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block ADP receptors on platelets decreasing their activation. |
|
|
Term
| Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban |
|
Definition
| Antagonists tat bind to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors to decrease platelet aggregation by preventing the cross-linking reaction. Used mainly in acute coronary syndromes and postangioplasty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fast onset and short duration insulin used in diabetics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate onset insulin with moderate duration used in diabetics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regular onset peakless LONG acting insulin used in diabetics. Used as background insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active metabolite first generation sulfonylurea; decrease the dose in renal dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first generation sulfonylurea appropriate in renal dysfunction. Side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and drug interactions (more so with first generation) with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates and sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first generation sulfonylurea that is long acting. Can caue SIADH and has disulfiram like effects. Side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and drug interactions (more so with first generation) with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates and sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second generation sulfonylurea. decrease dosage in hepatic dysfunction. Side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and drug interactions (more so with first generation) with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates and sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second generation sulfonylurea. Decrease dose in renal dysfunction. Side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and drug interactions (more so with first generation) with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates and sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Euglycemic; doesn't cause hypoglycemia! Increased tissue sensitivity to insulin and decreased liver gluconeogenesis. Can cause lactic acidosis and GI distress (Commonly a culprit in a patient who has metabolic acidosis, diabetes and a large anion gap). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No hypoglycemia; inhibits alpha glucosidase in brush boarders and inhibit carb absorption. This can cause GI discomfort and flatulence; not to mention diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone |
|
Definition
| Thiazolidinediones; bind to PPAR gamma effectively "skippin" insulin receptors. Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis. Also increases insulin receptor numbers. Less hypoglycemia than sulfonylureas, but weight gain and edema seen. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Long acting GLP-1 receptor full agonist; used in combo with other drugs. Augments glucose dependent insulin secretion. Can cause hypoglycemia and nausea when combined with oral sulfonylureas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) thereby inhibiting the inactivation of GLP-1. Causes augmentation of glucose dependent insulin secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely potent cortisol analog used to diagnose Cushing's syndrome or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aromatase inhibitor used to decrease estrogen snthesis. Used in the tx. of estrogen dependent, post-menopausal breast cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertility pill. Decreases feedback inhibition of FSH and LH to increase ovulation and encourage pregnancy. Multiparity is common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, partial agonist at endometrium, and antagonist at the breast. Used to treat estrogen dependent breast cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Estrogen receptor agonist in the bone, antagionis in the breast and uterus. No increased cancer risk in menopause. Prophlylaxis for postmenopausal osteoporosis. |
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Term
| Medorxyprogesterone, norethindrone |
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Definition
| Increases the feedback inhibiton of gonadotropins by acting as progesterone. Used in contraception and in HRT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the feedback inhibiton of gonadotropins by acting as progesterone. Used in contraception and in HRT. Devoid of androgenic and antiestrogenic activities common to other derivative. |
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Term
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Definition
| androgen receptor blocker, used for androgen receptor positive prostate cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| GnRH analog, repository form used for androgen receptive prostate cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-alpha reductase inhibitor preventing DHT production. Used to prevent hair loss and prostate enlargement. Teratogenic (sleeping next to a man using this product on their head can expose a fetus!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks the synthesis of hyroxine. Can cross the placental barrier, but safer in pregnancy due to highly protein bound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits the iodination of thyroglobulin. Not safe in pregnancy; easily crosses the placental barrier and isn't extensively protein bound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potassium iodide plus iodine used in thyrotoxicosis as negative feedback pre-operatively. No long term use due to thyroid escape. |
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Term
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Definition
| GH analog; used in pituitary dwarfism and osteoporosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatostatin analog used in acromegaly, carcinoid, and secretory GI tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH analog used in infantile spasms caused by hypoglycemia. Induces gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| GnRH analog. Used in endometriosis and prostate carcinoma. |
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Term
| Urofollitropin, Placental HCG, menotropins |
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Definition
| FSH and LH analog, used in hypogonadal states. |
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Term
| Bromocriptine, perogolide |
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Definition
| PIH (DA) analog; used in hyperprolactinemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Desmopressin (V2 selective) |
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Definition
| Vasopressin analog with use in pituitary diabetes insipidus, hemophilia A (Increased factor VIII), von WIllebrand's disease (increased VW factor from endothelium weibel palade bodies), and in primary nocturnal enuresis. |
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Term
| Bisphosphonates (-nate)-Etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate |
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Definition
| Stabilizes hydroxyapatite and induces osteoblasts. Established use in Paget disease and in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Can cause bone mineralization defects, GI distress and esophageal ulcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recombinant DNA PTH analog used to stimulate osteoblasts and cause new bone formation. May increase the risk of osteosarcoma if used for less than 2 years. Can't use continuously or osteoclasts become stimulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkylating agent, attacks guanine N7 dysfunctional DNA. Used in Non-Hodgekin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and neuroblastoma. Use mesna to avoid hemorrhagic cystitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkylating agent used in testicular, ovarian, bladder and lung cancer. Use amifostine to avoid neprotoxicity. Can also cause neurotoxicity (irriversible deafness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkylating agent used in Hodgekin's disease. Can cause BMS and is leukemogenic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercalator, forms free radicals, and inhibits topoisomerase. Used in Hodgekins, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancers. Use dexrazoxane to avoid BMS (prevents free radical formation; not a free radical trapper). |
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Term
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Definition
| Antimetabolite, inhibits DHF reductase (S phase). Used in Leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and in psoriasis. Use leucovorin as a folinic acid rescue for this drug. |
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Term
| 5-Fluorouracil (CCS), Capecitabine |
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Definition
| Pyrimidine antimetabolite (S phase) bioactivated to inhibit thymidylate synthase. Used to treat breast, ovarian, head and neck cancer. Topically used for basal cell cancer and keratoses. Used also for colorectal cancer. Can cause BMS |
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Term
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Definition
| Complexes with Fe and O2 to cause DNA stran scission (G2 phase). Used in Hodgekin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, head and neck cancer, and skin cancer. Can cause pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease microtubular polymerization and spindle poisons (M phase). Used for Hodgekins, testicular cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma,, Hodgekin, leukemias, and Wilm's tumors. Can cause BMS and neurotoxicity. |
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Term
| All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) |
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Definition
| Differentiating agent, promots differentiation of promyelocytes. Used to treat AML and M3 cancers. Can cause "differentiation syndrome" with respiratory distress, pleural and pericardial effusions, and CNS symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinically used cytokine used to incrase lymphcyte differentiation and increase NKs. Used in renal cell cancer and metastatic melanoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased platelet formation, used in thrombocytopenia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased granulocytes, used for marrow recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased granulocytes and macrophages, used for marrow recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for thrombocytopenia |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to cyclophilin and decreases calcineurin to decrease T cell activation of transcription factors for IL-2, 3, and interferon gamma. DOC for organ or tissue transplantation. Risk of neprotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy and gingival oergrowth. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to FK-binding protein and decreases calcineurine to decrease T cell activation of transcription factors for IL-2, 3, and interferon gamma. Used alternatively to other agents for renal or liver transplants. Risk of neprotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor of de novo synthesis of purines used as an adjunctive immunosuppressant, permitting dose reductions of cyclosporine to reduce toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prodrug converted to 6-mercaptopurine. Can cause bone marrow suppression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti D immunoglobulin used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies of an Rh negative mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antiplatelet antibody; antagonist of IIb/IIIa receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breast cancer antagonist to ERB-B2 antibody (GF receptor) |
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