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| the passing of genetic traits (ex. curly hair, brown eyes) from parents to their offspring |
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| a feature such as hair color, plant height, flower color; that comes in different forms/variations in a population |
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| one form/variation of a characteristic (dominant, recessive) (ex. yellow/green seed color of pea plants, curly/straight hair) |
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| different forms of the same gene (ex. purple/white flower color) the dominant allele is represented by a capital letter, the recessive by a lower case letter |
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| the trait that will be expressed in the organism when one dominant and one recessive allele are inherited. it is the trait that is seen in the first generation offspring of parents who are true breeding for different traits. (ex. one parent is the PP and the other parent is the pp) |
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| the trait that will not be expressed in the organism when one dominant and one recessive allele are inherited. It is the trait that is NOT present in the first generation, but reappears in the 2nd generation |
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| when pollen from the anthers is transferred to the stigma resulting in fertilization. fertilization in flowers is when sperm from the pollen travels through the stigma and enters the egg in a ovule. "sexual reproduction" in flowers |
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| when a plant that has both male and female reproductive structures pollinates itself. the pollen from the anther can land on the stigma of the same flower and the flower can fertilize its own ovule |
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| pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant. pollen can be carried by insects or by the wind. |
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| the physical appearance of an organism resulting from its genes (ex. freckles/no freckles) |
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| the genetic make up of a living organism expressed by a combination of two letters which represent the dominant or recessive alleles. the combination of alleles an organism inherits from its parents for a particular characteristic. 3 genotypes: homozygous dominant (TT), heterozygous dominant (Tt), and recessive (tt) |
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| having 2 of the same alleles for a trait (ex. BB or bb) |
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| having 2 different alleles for a trait (ex. Bb) |
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| the mathematical chance that something will happen, the likelihood that a possible future event will occurs in any given instance of the event |
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| a mathematical model which is used to organize all the possible combinations of offspring from a particular set of parents |
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| one trait is not completely dominant over the other, each allele having its own degree in influence (ex red, white, and pink snapdragons) |
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| a long strand of DNA and protein molecules found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made up of similar units called genes. in prokaryotic cells its a circle or ring of DNA |
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| a section of a chromosome that contains instructions for a particular trait (ex. blood type, ear lobe shape) |
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| one of a pair of chromosomes that match in size/length, location of centromere, genes, order of genes |
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| having only 1 (not a pair) of each chromosome. *gametes are haploid* in humans, this # is 23 |
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| having 2 of each chromosome (a set or pair) one from each of the organism's parents. in humans, this # is 46 |
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| all chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
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| the pair of chromosomes which carry the gene for gender and therefore determine the sex of an individual (human sex chromosomes are X or Y) Males: XY Females: XX |
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| sex cells (egg and sperm) which contain the haploid # of chromosomes, or only 1 chromosome from each homologous pair |
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| disorders whose recessive genes are carried on the X chromosome, making men more likely to have them because they have only one copy of the X chromosome. Women have 2 X chromosomes and therefore can be heterozygous and not express the disorder. They are called carriers. Examples of such disorders are colorblindness and hemophilia |
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| a diagram used by genetic counselers for tracing a trait through generations of a family in order to predict whether a person is a carrier of a heredity disease |
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| a picture of an organism's chromosomes |
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| "father of genetics" studied inheritance of characteristics in pea plants. |
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| involves one parent only, offspring are identical to parents (clones) the process of binary fission in bacteria is a form of asexual reproduction. some parents reproduce asexually |
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| involves two parents, offspring are not identical to parents, each parents gives its DNA to its offspring in it gametes. some organisms can reproduce sexually or asexually. |
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