Term
| List the lobes of the equine liver: |
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Definition
Right
Left Lateral
Left Medial
Quadrate |
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Term
| T/F: Horses have a gallbladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| __-___ of the liver parenchyma must be affected before clinical signs will be noted. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the biochemical abnormalities that may be seen during liver failure? |
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Definition
Hypoglycemia
Elevated ammonia
Decreased urea nitrogen
Increased clotting times |
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Term
| What are the three mechanisms for hyperbilirubinemia? |
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Definition
Prehepatic--hemolysis
Hepatic--primary liver disease
Post-Hepatic--biliary obstruction |
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Term
| When treating liver failure, what should be done? |
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Definition
Correct physiologic abnormalities--IV dextrose if hypoglycemic, correct dehydration/acidosis if present, nutritional support, fluid therapy, attempt to decrease ammonia levels, attempt to prevent toxin absorption
Anti-inflammatories |
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Term
| What agents can be used in an attempt to decrease ammonia levels (and hopefully prevent hepatic encephalopathy) in a horse with liver failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What agent can be used to prevent toxin absorption in a horse with liver failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the major liver functions: |
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Definition
Detoxification and processing of portal blood from GIT
Synthesis of proteins: albumin, acute phase proteins, lipoproteins
Synthesis of clotting factors: prothrombin, fibrinogen
Metabolism of numerous drugs
Metabolic processes: gluconeogenesis, fat metabolism, bile production, glycogen storage, urea production, ketogenesis
Digestive functions: bile production, bicarbonate production |
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Term
Which of the following enzymes are liver specific (and ONLY are produced in the liver)?
GGT
ALP
SDH
AST
ALT/LDH |
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Definition
GGT--LIVER
ALP--liver, bone, intestines
SDH--LIVER
AST--liver and muscle (take CK to r/o muscle)
ALT/LDH--liver but poor indicators in horse |
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Term
| Hyperlipemia in ponies, miniature horses, and donkeys occurs secondary to _________________________ and is characterized by what? |
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Definition
Negative energy balance
Characterized by elevated serum triglyceride levels and fatty infiltration of the liver |
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Term
| What are the predisposing factors to hyperlipemia? |
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Definition
Pregnancy
Lactating animals
Obesity
Stress
Season (winter)
Poor nutrition
Azotemia (dec. uptake of TG by liver) |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of hyperlipemia? |
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Definition
Anorexia
Depression
Weakness
Diarrhea |
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