Term
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Definition
Specialized connective tissue - fluid matrix
Formed elements (blood cells) and plasma
No collagen/elastic fibers
Has dissolved fibrous proteins involved in clotting |
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Term
| Centrifuge blood (Hematocrit) |
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Definition
Erythrocytes at botoom = 45%
-adult male 40-50%
-adult female 35-45%
-newborn 45-60%
-child to 10 yrs 35%
buffy coat - leukocytes & platelets = <1%
plasma at top = 55% |
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Term
Characteristics of blood:
color
pH
other characteristics |
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Definition
Oxygenated blood is scarlet, O2-poor blood is dark red
pH = 7.35-7.45
sticky, opaque, salty
5x more viscous than water
~8% of adult body weight
5-6 L in adult males
4-5 L in adult females |
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Term
Blood plasma
characteristics
distribution of proteins |
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Definition
straw yellow
90% water
contains >100 different solutes
*Albumin is 60%* of plasma proteins
-acts as a carrier of molecules in the blood
-also imp in buffering blood
-contributes to plasma oncotic pressure
Globulins = 35%
-transport ions, hormones, lipids
-immune function
Fibrinogen = 4%
-clotting system (fibrin)
Regulatory proteins <1%
-enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
A low blood protein level stimulates hepatocytes to make & secrete more blood proteins |
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Term
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Definition
RBCs
>99% of formed elements are RBCs
no nucleus, a few organelles
"bags" of Hb
structure is maintained by spectrin, a protein attached to cytoplasmic surface
bind O2 in the lung, transport 20% of CO2 released by cells back to lung
main contributor of blood viscosity
males have 5.1-5.8 mln RBCs/mm3
females have 4.3-5.3 mln RBCs/mm3
WBCs (relative amts change in pathologic states)
-neutrophils = 50-70%
-lymphocytes = 20-30%
-monocytes = 2-8%
-eosinophils = 2-4%
-basophils = <1%
PLATELETS |
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Term
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Definition
binds to O2 with ease & reversibly
composed of globin bound to heme pigment
2 alpha, 2 beta chains each bound to heme, each heme binds an iron atom
each erythrocyte contains 250,000 Hb molecules (carries 1 bln O2 molecules)
O2 binds to iron of heme = oxyhemoglobin
O2 released, forms reduced Hb = deoxyhemoglobin
CO2 + Hb(-NH2) = carbaminohemoglobin (occurs in tissues - dark red)
CO binds Hb with 200x more affinity than O2 |
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Term
Development stages of erythrocytes
how long does it take for a hemocytoblast to mature to a reticulocyte? |
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Definition
MYELOID STEM CELL (HEMOCYTOBLAST)
PROERYTHROBLAST
-clear nucleoli, "holes in nucleus"
BASOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST
-start to lose nucleoli
-big nucleus, not as dense
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST
-large, very dark nucleus
-smaller than basophilic erythroblast
-still capable of mitosis
ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST
-dense, dark nucleus
-getting ready to eject, so nucleus is eccentric/on periphery of cell
-no mitosis
-nucleus ejected at this stage
RETICULOCYTE
-no nucleus, some RER
ERYTHROCYTE
-bag of Hb
3-5 days
under control of erythropoietin (kidneys)
-Hct in a person with kidney disease would be DECREASED |
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Term
| Development stages of neutrophils |
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Definition
MYELOBLAST
PROMYELOCYTE
EARLY NEUTROPHILIC MYELOCYTE
LATE NEUTROPHILIC MYELOCYTE
NEUTROPHILIC METAMYELOCYTE
BAND CELL
MATURE NEUTROPHIL |
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Term
| Development stages of eosinophils |
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Definition
MYELOBLAST
PROMYELOCYTE
EARLY EOSINOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
LATE EOSINOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
EOSINOPHILIC METAMYELOCYTE
MATURE EOSINOPHIL |
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Term
| Developmental stages of basophils |
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Definition
MYELOBLAST
PROMYELOCYTE
EARLY BASOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
LATE BASOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
MATURE BASOPHIL |
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Term
| All marrow cells enter the peripheral blood, and eventually tissue bed, except ___. |
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Definition
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Term
Anemias
Decreased Hb
-microcytic
-macrocytic
Not enough RBCs
Abnormal Hb
Polycythemia |
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Definition
microcytic - think iron deficiency
macrocytic - pernicious anemia (cells grow, but don't divide, lack of B12/intrinsic factor)
hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
aplastic anemia
Thalassemias
sickle cell (change in one AA of beta chain)
Can result from bone marrow cancer
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes, increases viscosity of blood
Slows blood flow -> dizziness
secondary polycythemia will result when less O2 is available or erythropoietin production increases
blood doping produces temporary polycythemia |
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Term
Leukocytes
-diapedesis
-leukocytosis
granule composition of granulocytes
characteristics (nucleus, function, etc) |
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Definition
1% of total blood volume
diapedesis = process of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) migrating across walls of venules and capillaries into connective tissue
leukocytosis - >11,000 cells/mm3
all types can enter peripheral blood, tissue bed
Neutrophils (only one that has azurophilic granules)
-specific: lysozyme, collagenase, alkaline phosphatase
-azurophilic: myeloperoxidase, lysosomes
-3-6 lobed nucleus (PMNs)
-phagocytize bacteria
Eosinophils
-specific: major basic protein
-bilobed nucleus
-attacks parasitic worms (MBP)
-lessens severity of allergies by phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
Basophils
-specific: heparin, histamine; red-orange refractive
-U or S shaped nucleus
-similar to mast cell in connective tissue, bind IgE
-can't really see nucleus, obscured by granules |
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Term
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Definition
20-30% of luekocytes
round, compact nucleus stains dense purple
cytoplasm minimal
mostly in lymphoid tissue, not blood
T-lymphocytes attack virus-infected or tumor cells
B-lymphocytes make plasma cells, make antibodies against specific antigens |
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Term
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Definition
2-10% of leukocytes
Dense blue nucleus, kidney-shaped
when it leaves blood and enters connective tissue, becomes a macrophage
functions as antigen-presenting cell |
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Term
Platelets
-megakaryoblast
-megakaryocyte |
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Definition
-blast: undergoes mitosis w/o cytokinesis --> large nucleus
-cyte: multi-lobulated, big, found in BM
platelets are fragments of the megakaryocyte
have an inner region staining purple, outer region stains blue
granules contain serotonin, Ca++, enzymes, ADP, PDGF
thrombopoietin regulates platelet formation |
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Term
Leukocyte disorders
-leukopenia
-leukemia
-infectious mononucleosis |
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Definition
-abnormally low leukocytes in blood, can be induced by drugs and anticancer agents
acute: lymphoblasts, anemia & bone pain, overwhelms BM
chronic: slow advancing, derived from cells at later stages of myelocytes; elderly patients
"kissing disease," Epstein-Barr virus
large numbers of granulocytes, largely atypical
pts feel tired, low-grade fever |
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