Term
| RBC uses energy in the form to _____ and must have a viable membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is responsible for making the ATP to be used for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC for ATP production must rely mostly on ______ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy is needed to maintain various components of the cell. These include (4): |
|
Definition
Oxidation protection
Membrane integrity and shape
Movement of sodium, calcium, and potassium
Maintain iron in ferrous(Fe++) form |
|
|
Term
| There are 4 pathways used to provide ATP for the RBC. Name them |
|
Definition
Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt or Phosphogluconate (Oxidative Pathway)
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
Leubering-Rapaport Shunt or Pathway |
|
|
Term
| Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway |
|
Definition
Non-oxidative or anaerobic pathway
Provides 90% of ATP
Glucose enters cell by diffusion and metabolizes into lactate (lactic acid)
Although 4 ATPs are generated, 2 are consumed during the process
2 ATP are produced |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme does the Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway utilize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway provides adequate amounts of ATP necessary to (2) |
|
Definition
Maintain erythrocyte shape, flexibility, and membrane integrity
Regulate intracellular cation concentrations |
|
|
Term
| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
|
Definition
Provides 5-10% of energy
Also referred to as Phosphogluconate pathway
An oxidative pathway
Produces pyridine nucleotide NADPH from NADP
Reducing oxidants include certain drugs or infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme utilized in the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NADPH together with ______ protects against oxidative injury from toxic reducing oxidants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If Hexose Monophosphate Shunt pathway is defective, globin chains in hemoglobin denature and precipitate as aggregates
These are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ ______ damage the red cell membrane and causes the cell to be destroyed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway |
|
Definition
An off-shoot of Embden-Meyerhof
Maintains heme in the reduced ferrous (Fe+2) state
--Ferrous iron carries oxygen
A small amount of methemoglobin (Fe+3) is continuously produced but is reduced back to ferrous hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway - Reduction is by the enzyme ____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If methemoglobin reductase decreases due oxidant drugs, ______ increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bluish discoloration of the skin due to increased concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood |
|
|
Term
| When will Cyanosis occur? |
|
Definition
If methemoglobin reductase decreases due oxidant drugs, methemoglobin increases
Methemoglobin cannot combine with oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Leubering-Rapaport Shunt or Pathway |
|
Definition
Part of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway
One of the ATP used by the cell is directed to this pathway
Produces 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglycerate)
2,3 DPG affects oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
When hemoglobin binds 2,3-DPG, oxygen is released
Regulates oxygen delivery to the tissues |
|
|
Term
| Normal erythrocyte is ____-____ µm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal Erythrocytes must be flexible to squeeze through ___ µm capillaries in the spleen
Becomes a microcyte if not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Decreased deformability of membrane will result in cell fragmentation
AND a cell unable to deform will become trapped in the spleen and will be phagocytized by macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and ______ control the membrane functions of transport and flexibility as well as antigenic properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semi-permeable lipid bilayer supported by a protein mesh-like cytoskelton
Composed of 52% protein, 40% lipid, 8% carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| The Lipid Matrix contains equal amounts of _______ and ______ interspersed with _____ |
|
Definition
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Proteins |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is responsible for |
|
Definition
| passive transport of ions and gases as well as active transport of cation (positive charge) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Cholesterol and lecithin affect surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If blood cholesterol _______, there will be an increased cell membrane surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolipids embedded in the membrane carry several important RBC antigens. Can you name them? |
|
Definition
| A, B, H, and Lewis red cell antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell shape, deformability, and membrane stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal cell shape, decreased stability, hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Protein composition consists of |
|
Definition
Integral proteins - glycophorins and band 3 protein
Peripheral proteins – spectrin, actin, ankyrin, and troponyosin |
|
|
Term
| Of the peripheral proteins, which one is predominant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in the lipid bilayer
Extend from outer surface to inner side
Has attached carbohydrates to give ABO antigens |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the major glycoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycophorin accounts for: |
|
Definition
| most of the sialic acid that gives cells the negative charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limited to cytoplasmic surface
Forms skeleton to maintain biconcave shape |
|
|
Term
Which peripheral protein does the following:
Binds to other peripheral proteins and integral proteins
Forms skeleton to strengthen membrane and protect against shear forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The network of peripheral and integral proteins requires ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hundreds of antigens are located on _____ ______ of the integral proteins
Includes the blood group antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ____ is found on the surface of glycophorin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produces a negative cell charge that causes the cells to repel each other
Referred to as the zeta potential |
|
|
Term
| Sialic Acid is also referred to as the ____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythrocytes must also be permeable to ____ and ______ and impermeable to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chloride and bicarbonate readily pass through the membrane in a unidirectional flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations maintain the cell volume and homeostasis |
|
|
Term
Intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for:
Sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for:
Potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
RBC Membrane Requires hundreds of pumps to actively control ion concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the pumps require that deal with ions that are going against the osmotic gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ _ of intracellular Ca is found in the erythrocyte membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low concentrations of Ca are found _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do increased amounts of intracellular Calcium cause? |
|
Definition
| rigid, shrunken cells with membrane protusions (burr cells or echinocytes) and reduced deformability |
|
|
Term
| Any slight deviation in the membrane’s selective permeability causes an influx of _____, with water following osmotically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell swells, assumes a spherhoid shape, and may rupture the membrane, releasing _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deformability of cells is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a decrease in cellular ATP cause? |
|
Definition
-phosphorylation of spectrin
-loss of membrane deformability |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The RBC membrane acts as a barrier between the cell and plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Barrier/RBC Membrane affected by? |
|
Definition
hydrophobic lipids and integral proteins
--Allows water and anions (HCO3-, Cl-) to enter cell |
|
|
