Term
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Definition
Alpha (α)
Beta (β)
Zeta (ς)
Delta (δ)
Epsilon (ε)
Gamma-A (γA)
Gamma-G (γG) |
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Term
| Globin synthesis is directed by ____ genetic loci per haploid genome |
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Definition
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Term
| These genetic loci/haploid genome produce 7 different types of globin chains |
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Definition
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Term
| Globin chain synthesis occurs on ____ ____ during the _____ to _____ stages |
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Definition
RBC Ribosomes
Pronormoblast
Reticulocyte |
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Term
| Which Genes will be found on Chromosome 16? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Genes will be found on Chromosome 11? |
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Definition
Epsilon (embryonic)
Gamma
Delta
Beta |
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Term
| Activation of globin gene progresses from ____ to ____ on Chromosome 16 |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of globin gene progresses from ____ to ____, ____, and ____ on chromosome 11 |
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Definition
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Term
| Epsilon and zeta chains normally only appear during ______ development |
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Definition
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Term
| Epsilon and zeta chains may be produced up to _____ months following conception |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Embryonic Hemoglobin - Alpha chains are always present |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 Embryonic Hemoglobins? |
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Definition
Hemoglobin Gower 1 (Zeta2, epsilon2)
Hemoglobin Gower 2 (alpha2, epsilon2)
Hemoglobin Portland(zeta2, gamma2) |
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Term
| In Fetal Hemoglobin - Production of gamma chains is active from the ____ _____ ____ until ___ ____ postnatally |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| By age 2, Hemoglobin _____ is less than 2% of total hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ production rises gradually prenatally and reaches adult percentages between 3 – 6 months postnatally |
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Definition
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Term
| All normal adult hemoglobins are formed as |
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Definition
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Term
| These tetramers consist of what? |
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Definition
2 alpha chains
2 non-alpha chains – beta, delta, or gamma
Hydrogen bonds and salt bridges |
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Term
| Hemoglobin _____ consists of Alpha and Beta and 96% of Adult/30% of Newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin ____ consists of Alpha and Delta and 3% of Adult, 1% of Newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin ____ consists of Alpha and Gamma and 1% of Adult/70% of Newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| Heme is inserted into the _____ chains |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
In Normal Hemoglobin the order of Amino Acid is Very Important |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
If amino acid sequence changes, can cause the hemoglobin not to coil and red cell is no longer pliable |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ____ have a simple AA change |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most important controls of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is the RBC ______ ______ ______ |
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Definition
| organic phosphate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)/(2,3-DPG) |
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Term
| Where is 2,3-BPG produced? |
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Definition
| In the Leubering-Rapaport Shunt |
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Term
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Definition
| When 2,3-BPG is part of the hemoglobin molecule, it widens the space between the beta chains, forming an anionic salt bridge |
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Term
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Definition
| When 2,3-BPG is absent, the salt bridge is broken and the hemoglobin molecule will carry more oxygen |
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|
Term
Which of the following has a LOWER affinity for oxygen?
Oxyhemoglobin or Deoxyhemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Deoxyhemoglobin have a lower affinity for oxygen? |
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Definition
| This is due to formation of the salt bridge |
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|
Term
Which of the following has a HIGHER affinity for oxygen?
Oxyhemoglobin or Deoxyhemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Oxyhemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen? |
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Definition
| Salt bridges are broken, Beta chains are pulled together, 2,3-DPG is expelled |
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Term
| What determines the proportion of oxygen that is released to the tissues or loaded onto the cell at a given oxygen pressure? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen |
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Term
| Increased oxygen affinity means the hemoglobin has a ... |
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Definition
| Higher affinity for oxygen |
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Term
| Does Hemoglobin with a high affinity for Oxygen want to give up Oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| When will Hemoglobin release oxygen more readily? |
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Definition
| When Hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen |
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Term
| Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin is usually expressed as the PO2 at which ______ of the hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| P50 is normally about ____ mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
| If hemoglobin-oxygen saturation is plotted versus the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), a ____ _____ results |
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Definition
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Term
| This sigmoid curve is known as: |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve |
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Term
| Normally in the lungs, the oxygen tension is almost _____ saturated |
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Definition
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Term
| As RBC’s circulate, oxygen is released when PO2 drops to ____ mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
| When the PO2 drops to 40 mm Hg, how much of oxygen is released? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Oxygen affinity is decreased
More oxygen is released to the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
Hypoxia (reduction of oxygen supply to tissues)
Increased 2,3-BPG
Anemia
Acidosis
Fever |
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Term
|
Definition
Decreased oxygen delivered to tissues
Only 12% is released at 40 mmHg |
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Term
|
Definition
Decreased 2,3-BPG
Alkalosis
Increased quantity of abnormal hemoglobin
Multiple transfusions
Fetal hemoglobin |
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|
Term
Shift in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve:
Left Shift |
|
Definition
pH increases
Temperature decreases
2,3-BPG decreases |
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|
Term
Shift in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve:
Right Shift |
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Definition
pH decreases
Temperature increases
2,3-BPG increases |
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Term
| Acquired Nonfunctional Hemoglobins |
|
Definition
These molecules have been altered
Compromised oxygen transport |
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Term
| Acquired Nonfunctional Hemoglobins Cause (2) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate amount of oxygen at tissue level |
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Term
|
Definition
| bluish color of skin due to presence of high amounts of deoxyhemoglobin in blood |
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Term
| 3 Acquired Nonfunctional Hemoglobins |
|
Definition
Carboxyhemoglobin
Methemoglobin
Sulhemoglobin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when hemoglobin is exposed to carbon monoxide
Can be fatal
Hemoglobin’s affinity for carbon monoxide is >200 times greater than affinity for oxygen
Smokers can have up to 12% |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemoglobin with iron in the ferric (Fe+3) state
Incapable of combining with oxygen
Increased levels are formed when exposed to certain oxidizing chemicals or drugs
Infants are more susceptible to methemoglobin production |
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|
Term
True or False:
Infants are more susceptible to methemoglobin production |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why are infants are more susceptible to methemoglobin production? |
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Definition
| HbF more readily converts |
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Term
|
Definition
An irreversible change in the hemoglobin molecule
Sulfur atom combines with each of the four heme groups
Binds to the oxygen |
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Term
| Sulfhemoglobin - Hemoglobin molecule has an affinity for oxygen only ______ that of normal hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Aging is characterized by a decline in _____ _____ _____ and ______ |
|
Definition
cellular enzyme systems
pathways |
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Term
| Aging leads to decreased _____ production |
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Definition
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Term
| Aging - Cell also loses the ability to maintain ___, ______, and _____ ______ |
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Definition
shape
deformability
membrane integrity |
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|
Term
As RBCs age:
_______ enzymes decrease in activity |
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Definition
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|
Term
As RBCs age:
Cells become ____, ____, or _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Aged RBCs are removed by _______ or ____ ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ returns iron to bone marrow or liver (stored as ferritin) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is broken down and AA recycled |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ ____ is broken down to Toxic Bilirubin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bilirubin is conjugated in the liver to make it ____ ____ and ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _______ is excreted in the stool and a small amount is excreted in kidney |
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Definition
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|
Term
| About 90% of aged erythrocyte destruction is ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
~90% of aged erythrocyte destruction:
____, _____, _____, ____ _____ |
|
Definition
Histiocytes
spleen
liver
bone marrow |
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|
Term
| 10% of Erythrocyte destruction is ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| RBC ruptures in the blood vessels and ________ is released directly into the _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Intravascular Hemolysis-
After the red cells rupture, the ____ ____ or ____ ____ are picked up by haptoglobin
Becomes a larger molecule that cannot be excreted by the kidney |
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Definition
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|
Term
Intravascular Hemolysis :
Prevents ___ ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Intravascular Hemolysis :
______ takes the dimers to the liver where it is converted to bilirubin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cell differential of WBCs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What analysis is performed on a blood smear other than a 100 cell differential of WBCs? |
|
Definition
RBC Morphology examined
Platelet Estimation performed |
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