Term
| With myeloid proliferation, how long will cells remain in the marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With myeloid proliferation, how long will cells circulate in the blood before being released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With myeloid proliferation, after cells go to the tissue how much time will they spend there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less than what percentage of neutrophils will be bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will the majority of WBCs be in the peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of WBCs will be segmented neutrophils and bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 groups of neutrophils in PB? |
|
Definition
| Circulating Neutrophils and Marginating Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 2 groups of PB neutrophils will be the first to go into an inflammed area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of neutrophils are circulating? What percentage are marginating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of granules in the neutrophil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 3 types of granules which will stain with Wright's stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contain myeloperoxidase, formed first in promyelocyte, also called azurophilic or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose is to activate proteinases to kill bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific granules, appear first in the myelocyte, contain lysozymes and other enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrolyzes bacteria cell wall
Helps with inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If primary or secondary granules are absent... |
|
Definition
| Increased or recurrent infections will occur. Cell is unable to kill the bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Primary function of the neutrophil is? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion and destruction of invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| The Neutrophil Nucleus is not involved in immunity. What is it involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of Granulocytes are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during an infection? |
|
Definition
Cells in circulation go to the tissue
BM releases mature cells
Extra cell divisions may occur |
|
|
Term
| What will never be released in a healthy response to infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 Steps in Phagocytosis and Killing of Organism |
|
Definition
1. Chemotaxis
2. Opsonization
3. Phagocytosis
4. Degranulation/fusion
5. Killing
6. Inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells are attracted to site of infection.
Cells go to site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ will meet and fuse to form phagosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during degranulation or fusion? |
|
Definition
Granules degranulate and become activated.
Granules of neutrophil fuse with phagosome and discharge |
|
|
Term
| _____ from degranulation reacts with hydrogen peroxide created from oxidative burst to form hypochlorous acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypochlorous acid causes what? |
|
Definition
| Lipid damage to microbial membrane |
|
|
Term
| _____ and ____ ____ may kill the organism before the pathway is completely activated |
|
Definition
| Lysozymes and other granules |
|
|
Term
| ____ and ____ may leak to surrounding tissue to cause inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % based on 100-cell differential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophilia usually coincides with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will usually see ____ shift with leukocytosis and neutrophilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible causes for neutrophilia |
|
Definition
| Infection, stress, inflammation, physical stimuli, Hematologic disorders |
|
|
Term
| Within ___ ___ of stimulation extra WBCs are released from BM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ ____ stimulate the sinusoids to release younger cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Qualitative neutrophil changes in infection |
|
Definition
Toxic Granulation
Dohle bodies
Vacuolization |
|
|
Term
| Less than 1500 neutrophils/microliter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of neutropenia is more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils discharge ___ ____ directly on target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smallest percentage of WBC
Receptor for IgE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils - Granules contain ___ & ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils are _____ in CML and other myeloproliferative disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally less than what percentage of Monocytes are found in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the monocyte leaves circulation and goes to tissue, becomes a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased in leukemia, certain infections, and myelodysplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce and secrete chemicals that regulate inflammation.
Process and present antigen to lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| _____ is a common finding in hospitalized patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hospitalized patients are expected to have an _______ WBC Count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Outpatients should not have leukocytosis and neutrophilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any white count above 12,000 / microliters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocytosis may cause ___ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is BEST tool to determine actual count for leukocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common reasons for Leukopenia, Neutropenia |
|
Definition
| Chemotherapy, Blood Malignancies, Severe Infections, Immune Disorders such as HIV |
|
|
Term
| Leukopenia is defined as a WBC Count of less than ______ cells / miroliter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If leukopenia WBC Count is below ____ / microliter, life threatening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Patients will have recurrent infections
May be congenital or acquired
Disorders include: Chemotaxis deficiency, Granule defects, Biochemistry defects, Toxic changes, other defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell does not respond to stimuli
Cells may not go to the site of injury
Cell may go to site, but does not go through phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Examples of Granule Defects |
|
Definition
Myeolperoxidase Deficiency
Chediak-Higashi |
|
|
Term
| Defect is with the primary granules |
|
Definition
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Very serious condition, Autosomal Recessive, Recurrent pyrogenic infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is present in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of Biochemistry Defects |
|
Definition
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood |
|
|
Term
Catalase positive bacteria is engulfed but not killed.
No respiratory burst to activate hydrogen peroxide |
|
Definition
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood |
|
|
Term
Most common of the qualitative changes
Observed more commonly in bacterial infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxic granulation
Dohle bodies
Cytoplasmic vacuolation |
|
|
Term
| RNA Cytoplasmic inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic vacuolation is formed by ___ & ____ of ____ or _____ |
|
Definition
| ingestion & degradation of bacteria or fungi |
|
|
Term
Alder-Reilly
May-Hegglin
Pelger-Huet
LE Cells
Pyknotic Cells |
|
Definition
| Other Qualitative Defects |
|
|
Term
Presence of dark-staining, course granules in neutrophils, lymphs, and monos.
Associated with mucopolysaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alder-Reilly Anomaly Cells function _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May-Hegglin Anomaly is a ____ ____ condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May-Hegglin Anomaly will have ___-___ inclusins with ____ ____ |
|
Definition
| Dohle-like Inclusions with Giant Platelets |
|
|
Term
| If these cells are found in myeloproliferative disorder they are referred to as pseudo-_____-_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in burns, drug reactions, infections, and myeloproliferative disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Pelger-Huet cells do not cause any clinical problems for the patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Old method for detective Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by traumatizing ___ ____ in the lab to engulf free nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Degenerated Nucleus
Represents cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BM will be ______ in Leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Progression is faster
Prognosis is usually worse
Younger cells are observed
Usually associated with younger individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute Disorders are associated more with _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contains more mature cells
Slower progression
Usually associated with older individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually due to exposure to radiation and/or chemicals |
|
Definition
| Myeloproliferative Disorders |
|
|
Term
| Clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases with expansion, excessive production, and overaccumation of cells |
|
Definition
| Myeloproliferative Disorders |
|
|
Term
| Myeloproliferative Disorders are usually _____ with _____, _____, or _____ phases |
|
Definition
| Chronic with accelerated, subacute, or acute phases |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders include 4 |
|
Definition
1. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
2. Polycythemia vera
3. Essential Thrombocythemia
4. Primary myelofibrosis |
|
|
Term
| MPD often transition into ___ ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| Acute Myeloblastic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Anemia is NOT observed in Polycythemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MPD BM with be ____ with NO ____ |
|
Definition
| Hypercellular with NO Fat |
|
|
Term
| MPD Anemia will be _____, ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mutation of a single multipotential or pluripotential stem cell
Exposure to radiation or toxins |
|
|
Term
| MPD is a _______ condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MPD often coverts to an ____ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clonal Disorder involving splenomegaly and ineffective hematopoiesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also referred to as Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary Myelofibrosis the areas of marrow have ____, ____, and ____ ____ |
|
Definition
Hypercellularity
Fibrosis
Increased megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| Primary Myelofibrosis - Malignant multipotential stem cells produce ____ and ____ ____ |
|
Definition
Leukoerythroblastosis
Dysplastic Megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| In myelofibrosis the fibrosis is produced secondarily due to ___ ____ |
|
Definition
abnormal clone
(megakaryocyte growth factors) |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Increased fibrosis causes normal cells to not be produced in the BM causing extramedullary hematopoiesis to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NC, NC anemia
Dacrocytes
Nucleated RBC
Rubricytes and metarubricytes
Immature granulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Early Disease findings:
Increased WBC & Plt
Plt bizarre and giant
BM is hypercellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Later Disease Findings:
Pancytopenia
BM becomes hypocellular
BM will have increased reticulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 Treatments for Myelofibrosis |
|
Definition
1 chemotherapy
2 splenectomy
3 support (blood transfusions)
4. stem cell transplants |
|
|
Term
| Malignant transformation of a single stem cell |
|
Definition
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
|
|
Term
| Philadelphia Chromosome Disorder is often associated with which type of leukemia |
|
Definition
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
|
|
Term
WBC > 100,000 / microliter
<5% blasts
Increased Plt
Increased basophils and eosinophils
M:E 20:1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low LAP Score
Presence of Philadelphia Chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Count 100 Mature Neutrophils and grade granular staining (0-4) |
|
Definition
| Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemoid Reaction LAP is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemotherapy
Transplantation
Leukapheresis |
|
|
Term
| Most patients of CML eventually develop a ___ ___ whereby the leukemia becomes an acute leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which accelerated leukemia does NOT respond to chemotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cell disorder that affects all three cell lines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Often ends in myelofibrosis
Increased RBC, WBC, Plt
RBC dominant cells affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 Presentations of PV patients |
|
Definition
| Headache, abdominal pain, ruddy complexion, and hypertension |
|
|
Term
| PV patients will have a ____ erythropoietin level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to dehydration, heavy smoking, or obesity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to increased erythropoietin or decreased oxygen delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Normally we have 98-100% Oxygen saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased Hgb
Increased RBC, WBC, Plt
Increased RBC Mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Therapeutic Phlebotomy
2. Myelosuppressive drugs |
|
|
Term
| Clonal disorder of Plts involving a single multipotential stem cells |
|
Definition
| Essential Thrombocythemia |
|
|
Term
| T or F: ET patients have an increased risk of stroke and vascular problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NC/NC anemia, Increased WBC, HIGH Plt (>1,000,000/microliter) |
|
Definition
| Essential Thrombocythemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunosuppressive drugs
Radioactive Phosphorus |
|
|
Term
Platelets should appear normal although the count may be increased.
Increased Plt count SECONDARY to an existing problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INCREASED WBC, Normal or Decreased RBC, Normal or Increased Plt, NC/NC RBC morphology, Left Shift, Increased Eos & Baso, Hypercellular BM, BM Packed with immature Neutrophils, DECREASED LAP, POSITIVE Ph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased, Decreased, or Normal WBC
Normal or Decreased RBC
Normal, Decreased, or Increased Plt
TEARDROPS
Left Shift, Nucleated RBC
BM is variable
Increased fibrosis and dry tap BM
POSITIVE Reticulin, SILVER STAIN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased WBC, VERY INCREASED RBC, Increased Plt, N/N RBC Morphology, Left Shift, Large & Bizarre Plts, BM Hypercellular, BM Packed all lines, INCREASED RBC Mass, Normal Oxygen Saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased WBC
Increased, Decreased, or Normal RBC
VERY INCREASED PLT
N/N or Decreased MCV RBC Morphology
Left Shift
Giant, Bizarre Plts, Miromegs
BM Hypercellular and Packed Plts
PLT > 1,000,000 / microliter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemia is a malignant disease of ______ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diminished production of normal cells leads to ___, _____, and ____ due to low cell counts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starts in the BM and spreads through the blood into the RES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Begins in the lymph nodes, hematology less likely to make a diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ Leukemia has more Immature Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ Leukemia has more Mature Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
May be a genetic disorder
Mutation
Altered expression of single oncogene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Normal Cells in Leukemia are able to proliferate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Leukemia Single Clone of cells will abnormally produce and eventually take over the BM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemia strikes more _____ than ___ |
|
Definition
| MORE ADULTS than children |
|
|
Term
| Leukemia strikes more ____ than _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a disease of adults (Leukemia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Leukemia is often slow to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Decreased Plt
Decreased, Normal, or Increased WBC Decreased RBC
Nc/Nc anemia
Immature cells, large number of myeloblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary for a laboratory diagnosis of leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemia BM is hypercellular with ____ fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things are used to differentiate the types of Leukemias |
|
Definition
Biochemical stains
Flow cytometry
Chromosome analysis |
|
|
Term
Presence of ____ ____ in BM of leukemia is hallmark
Indicates: AML, AMML, AMoL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic Antibodies, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase, and Surface Markers Analysis is connected with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evaluates chromosome metaphase preparations to detect numeric and structural karyotype abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Types of structural abnormalities found in leukemia |
|
Definition
Translocations
Inversions
Deletions
Duplication
Isochromosomes |
|
|
Term
| ___ ____ are found in the majority of patients with acute leukemia |
|
Definition
| Chromosomal abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Most common structural abnormalities are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Treatments for leukemia |
|
Definition
Eradicate leukemic cells
support with blood products
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Transplantation |
|
|
Term
| Cure rate for leukemia is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of Leukemic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In transplantation the BM must be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more important in leukemic transplantation: ABO or HLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ - ____% of patients die from transplantation rejection or infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult remission of Leukemia percentages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autologous transplants have ___% survival over 2 year period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even with therapies, few leukemic patients live longer than ____ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FAB Classification of Acute Leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHO Classification of Acute Leukemia |
|
Definition
FAB
Cytogenetics
Molecular Characterization |
|
|
Term
| 5 parts to the Evaluation of Acute Leukemia Blasts |
|
Definition
Size
Amount of cytoplasm
Nuclear chromatin pattern
Presence of nucleoli
Presence of Auer Rods (AML/AMML) |
|
|
Term
| Auer Rods are present in ____% of AML Patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No definitive myeloid differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myeloblastic without maturation
Auer rods may be seen
70% of cells are primarily blasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Worst FAB Classification
Positive in cytochemical stains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1 is Positive in 3 cytochemical stains, name them |
|
Definition
Myeloperoxidase
Sudan Black
Specific esterase |
|
|
Term
Myeloblastic with Maturation
No maturation beyond promyelocyte in marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosome abnormality with M2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1 & M2 constitute ___% of AML |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Promyelocytic
Chromosome abnormality t(15;17)
Peroxidase Positive
Auer Rods may be present in bundles
DIC often occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelomonocytic (Naegli)
Specific and Non-specific esterase Positive
Positive lysozyme in urine and blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytic (Schilling Leukemia)
High prevalence of extramedullary tumors
High WBC
Positive non-specific esterase (Alpha-napthyl acetate butyrate esterase)
Positive lysozyme (muramidase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bleeding Gums Every Time they brush their teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Erythroleukemia (DiGuglielmo's)
NRBC & Myelobasts in peripheral
BM shows RBC Hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Megakaryoblast
Very rare
Platelet peroxidase is specific
Blasts have abundant budding cytoplasm
Plt count is normal or high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If PAS (+) and all others are (=) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Non-Specific is (+) and Others are (=) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both Non-specific and Specific esterases are (+) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary granules of myeloid cells are stained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids, neutral fats, sterols, Primary and secondary granules are stained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific Esterase and Myeloid cells are stained |
|
Definition
| Naphthol AS-D Choloroacetate |
|
|
Term
| Non-Specific esterase, monocytes |
|
Definition
| Alpha-naphthyl acetate or butyrate |
|
|
Term
| Which is most specific for monocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more sensitive for monocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stains BOTH monocytes and granulocytes in step 1
Step 2 : Na Fl Inhibition Step (renders monocytes negative) |
|
Definition
| Naphthol AS-D Acetate (NASDA) |
|
|
Term
Stains glycogen and related compounds
Positive in lymphoctes, segmented neutrophils, and nucleated RBC |
|
Definition
| Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) |
|
|
Term
| Helpful in diagnosing erythroleukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Negative
Non-specific Esterase Negative
Specific Esterase Negative
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Negative
Non-specific Esterase Negative
Specific Esterase Negative
PAS Positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Positive
Non-specific Esterase Negative
Specific Esterase Positive
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
| M1 (Myeloblastic without maturation) |
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Positive
Non-specific Esterase Negative
Specific Esterase Positive
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
| M2 (Myeloblastic with maturation) |
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Positive
Non-specific Esterase Negative
Specific Esterase Positive
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Positive
Non-specific Esterase Positive
Specific Esterase Positive
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Negative
Non-specific Esterase Positive
Specific Esterase Negative
PAS Negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Negative
Non-specific Esterase Positive
Specific Esterase Negative
PAS Positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sudan Black; peroxidase Negative
Non-specific Esterase Positive
Specific Esterase Negative
PAS Positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are involved in ____ and ____ ____ |
|
Definition
| humoral and cellular immunity |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocyte maturation occurs in the ___ ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells go to the _____ where maturation is completed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells stay in the ___ ___ where maturation is completed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After cells mature they go to secondary organs: ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary site of cell proliferation is ____-_____, regardless of whether the AGN is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary site of cell proliferation is _____-______, occurs only if AGN is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulate or suppress ABY production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T Cell Effector Functions Include 3 |
|
Definition
Delayed hypersensitivity
Graft vs Host Reactivity
Tumor Immunity |
|
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Term
| T or F: Without stimulation, peripheral B cells remain in resting stage and do not divide |
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Definition
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Term
If exposed to AGN, AGN binds to cell surface
Proliferation ensues and B cell matures into ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Babies and toddler have an ______ proportion of lymphocytes cared to adults |
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Definition
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Term
30-40% of circulating lymphs are B
10% are NK
50-60% are ___ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Helper CD4
Cytotoxic/suppressor CD8 |
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Term
| HIV Destroys ____ ____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 causes of decreased production of lymphocytes |
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Definition
Aplastic
myelophthisic
chemotherapy |
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Term
| True increase of lymphocytes is an absolute count GREATER than |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphocytosis is observed in 3 types |
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Definition
Infectious mononucleosis
Other viral infections
Benign lymphoproliferative disorders
Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders |
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Term
| We will use ____ or ____ for Infectious Mono type |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ for others such as plasmacytoid, prolymph, questionable lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ for questionable leukemia or lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Change in appearance represents T or B lymphocytes reacting to antigenic stiumli and transforming into immuneresponsive cell - usually in response to viral stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ___ ___ attaches to B lymphs and elicits a T cell counter-response in infectious mono |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ 10% Reactive Lymphs ARE Clinically Significant |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 Diseases associated with reactive lymphs |
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Definition
Infectious Mononucleosis
Toxoplasmosis
CMV
Herpes
Hepatitis |
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Term
| Infectious Mononucleosis detection is usually with the ____ ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| An acute, benign infection with Epstein-Barr virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms: Lymphadenopathy, pharynigitis, extreme fatigue, headache, occasional splenomegaly or hepatomegaly |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: IM WBC 12-20,000 / microliter |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: IM Relative and absolute lymphopenia |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Cold Agglutinin may be present in IM and will usually be due to anti-i |
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Definition
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Term
| Reacts with another animal species |
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Definition
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Term
| Reacts with horse cells after absorption with guinea pig |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Self-Limiting
NO Treatment Necessary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ may cause mature lymphs to transform |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _____ produce the immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Term
| A genetic mistake may occur during 2 |
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Definition
Cellular replication
Cellular differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of a clone of abnormal plasma cells |
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Term
| Plasmacytomas will travel to other locations in the BM and establish Multiple sites |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ___ ___ cause interleukin-6 to be produced |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-6 causes the abnormal plasma cells to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 primary disease processes found in MM |
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Definition
Expanding plasma cell mass
Overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulins
production of osteoclast activating factor (OAF) and other cytokines |
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Term
| Expanded Plasma Cell Mass - _____ results in fatigue and shortness of breath |
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Definition
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Term
| Expanded Plasma Cell Mass - _____ results in delayed hemostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| Expanded Plasma Cell Mass - ______ results in increased susceptibility to infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Expanded Plasma Cell Mass - ____ occurs |
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Definition
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Term
Inappropriate production of large amounts of useless immunoglobulin molecules
imbalance of light and heavy chains
excess free light or heavy chains |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the immunoglobulins produced by the clone of myeloma cells are identical |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the hallmarks in MM |
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Definition
| Overproduction of immunoglobulin |
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Term
| Excess immunoglobulin can lead to alteration in the physical characteristic of blood, referred to as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most severe if IgM is present in large quantities |
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Definition
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Term
| Imbalanced immunoglobulin production can lead to an excess of light chains, free light chains |
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Definition
| Bence Jones Protein (Proteinuria) |
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Term
| 2 other consequences of MM Immunoglobulin |
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Definition
| Amyloidoisis and Autoimmune Conditions |
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Term
| Kappa or lambda chains may be deposited in many organs |
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Definition
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Term
| Bleeding disorders due to ABYs attacking clotting factor proteins |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ are bone cells active in locally reabsorbing bone |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are equally active in utilizing Ca in the blood to form new bone |
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Definition
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Term
| MM interrupts the balance of the ___ & ____ |
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Definition
| Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts |
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Term
| __________ stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone reabsorption and release Ca |
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Definition
| Osteoclast-Activating Factor |
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Term
| Clear or lucent areas in X-rays |
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Definition
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Term
| ___-___ inhibits ______ and new bone formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Free Ca circulating in the blood can cause 5 |
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Definition
muscle weakness
muscle cramping
mental confusion
bone pain
Kidney stones |
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Term
| Used to measure albumin plus immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of spike is usually present in MM |
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Definition
| M-Spike / Monoclonal Spike |
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Term
| MM - ___,___ anemia, _____ in more advanced stages, _____ formation of RBC is common |
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Definition
NC/NC
Pancytopenia
Rouleaux |
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Term
Performed to evaluate the numbers of plasma cells present and to examine the appearance of the cells
Increased # of plasma cells usually observed in MM |
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Definition
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Term
| MM usually see more than ____ % plasma cells in a 300-1000 cell count |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemotherapy and radiation and Transplantation |
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Term
| MM Prognosis and mean survival |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to overproduction of IgM |
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Definition
| Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia |
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Term
| Monoclonal M-spike & Plasmacytoid lymphs in BM |
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Definition
| Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia |
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Term
| As Walenstrom's disease progresses ___, ___, and ___ ___ become enlarged and ___ ____ develop |
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Definition
Liver, Spleen, and Lymph Nodes
Neurological Manifestations |
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Term
| May cause blurred vision, headache, and confusion. Eye may have sausage-link vein |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal IgM levels interfere with 2 |
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Definition
| Platelets and blood clotting factor proteins |
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Term
| T or F: Extensive Bruising is observed in WM |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Cryoglobulinemic Purpura is see in WM |
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Definition
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Term
____ protein will precipitate on exposure to cold
Raynaud's Syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Chemotherapy
plasmapharesis |
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Term
| T or F: No cure is currently available for WM |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Survival rate of WM is based on the % of BM replacement by prolymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
Organomegaly +++
Hyperviscosity +++
Lytic Bone Lesions +
Renal Failure +
Length of Survivial ++ |
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Definition
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Term
Organomegaly +
Hyperviscosity +
Lytic Bone Lesions +++
Renal Failure +++
Length of Survivial + |
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Definition
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Term
| Neoplastic disorder originating in lymphatic tissue that can spread to marrow and blood |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 major categories of lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
First lymphoma to be recognized
Involves lymphatic system only |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Radiation
Splenectomy in some cases |
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Term
| Unique cell found in Hodgkin's Lymphoma only in the BM (owl eyes) |
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Definition
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Term
| Staging of Hodgkin's Lymphoma is based on 3 |
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Definition
BM Findings
X-Ray
Body Scan |
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Term
May be nodular or diffuse
May be B cell or T cell
Associated with genetic damage |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleus will be cleft, cleaved unclumped nucleus, nucleoli with cloverleaf appearance |
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Definition
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Term
Lymphocytes have marked convolutions
T-Cell Lymphoma
Affects skin and is called Mycosis fungoides |
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Definition
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Term
| Related to malignant histiocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 common lipid storage disorders |
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Definition
Gaucher's
Niemann-Pick
Tay-Sachs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Fat droplets in Histiocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids build up and are ingested by histiocytes and macrophages |
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Definition
| Hereditary deficiency of glucoceretbrosidase and sphingomyelinase |
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Term
| Lipid storage disorders are usually observed in ethnic ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipid storage disorders deaths occur during ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts
Most common malignancy of children |
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Definition
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) |
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Term
| First Leukemia to be called curable |
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Definition
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Term
Small, uniform lymphoblasts
Most common of ALL
Pediatric group - best prognosis |
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Definition
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Term
| B cell lineage - may be t(12;21) |
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Definition
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Term
Large, pleomorphic lymphoblasts (cells often have indented nucleus)
Often found in over age 15
B OR T Cell Lineage |
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Definition
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Term
Worst Prognosis ALL
B Cell Lineage;
Absence of BCL-2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Vacuolated and deeply basophilic cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of markers of ALL |
|
Definition
Cytochemical cell staining using PAS
Cytoplasmic nuclear or surface immunoglobins
Common ALL Antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Found in early pre-B and pre-T cells
Same as the CD 10 Surface marker |
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Definition
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Term
| Detects heavy chains - least common method |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme is found in immature T and B lymphoblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does TdT distinguish between ALL and AML? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monoclonal ABYs that detect surface cluster determinations - flow cytometry is utilized |
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Definition
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Term
| Petechiae and Bruising are first symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| ALL is more likely to go to ____ than any other leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
WBC low normal or high
Anemia is often severe
Decreased Plt count
BM hypercellular with lymphoblasts
M:E ratio is normal |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive for esterase, Sudan Black, Myeloperoxidase |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative for esterase, Sudan Black, Myeloperoxidase |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Chemotherapy
Support with blood products
Transplant for those who relapse during first 6-12 months |
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Term
| Prognosis for ALL is related to _____ on diagnosis and ____ of patient |
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Definition
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|
Term
____ WBC has a better prognosis
______ patients have a better prognosis |
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Definition
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|
Term
CML patients who convert to ALL have ____ prognosis
Children are often _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Monoclonal proliferation
Accumulation of malignant lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) |
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Term
| Most common of all leukemias |
|
Definition
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|
Term
CLL occurs primarily in _____ adults
more frequently in _____
Has the _____ prognosis |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% CLL will have a chromosomal abnormality |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ in both peripheral blood and BM. CLL |
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Definition
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Term
| CLL lymphocytes are ____, ___-_____ |
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Definition
| mature, well-differentiated |
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Term
| T or F: Smudge Cells are present in CLL |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: You will see neutropenia, Nc/Nc anemia, and throbocytopenia in CLL |
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Definition
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|
Term
Altered humoral immunity
-Suppression of all classes of immunoglobulins
-Impaired immunologic activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common clinical presentation of CLL 6 |
|
Definition
Chronic fatigue
lymphadenopathy
splenomegaly
altered humoral immunity
increased susceptibility to infections
AID may develop |
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Term
| T or F: CLL will have a Positive Direct Antiglobulin Test |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| CLL will find B-lymphocytes in ___ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
M:E ratio 3:1
BM hypercellular
Smudge cells
Mild anemia nc/nc
Thrombocytopenia
WBC 15,000-100,000 / microliter |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| CLL Lympocytosis in Peripheral blood is at least ____ / microliter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: CLL May have extra chromosome 12 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: No cytochemical stains are required for CLL |
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Definition
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|
Term
Treatment for CLL
Median year survival |
|
Definition
Chemotherapy
5 year survival is 50% |
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|
Term
| Subacute lymphocytic leukemia with the predominant cell being the pro-lymphocyte |
|
Definition
| Prolymphocytic Leukemia (PLL) |
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|
Term
| Prolymphs are _____ with a ____ clumped nucleus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: Prolymphs have a prominent nucleolus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: WBC is usually VERY High for PLL |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Also referred to as leukemic reticuloendotheliosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B-cell
Lymphs have fine, hair-like, irregular cytoplasmic projections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Pancytopenia is common in Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hair Cell Leukemia Cells are ____-___ ____ _____ Positive |
|
Definition
| Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) |
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|
Term
| T or F: BM is not usually performed for Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is splenomegaly present in Hairy Cell Leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: It is easy to morphologically separate CLL and Lymphosarcoma Cell Lymphoma |
|
Definition
FALSE
It is HARD to morphologically separate |
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|
Term
| Due to bacterial infection, stress, inflammation, malignant blood disorders such as leukemia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Due to leukemia, chemotherapy, other blood disorders, Apalstic anemia
INFECTION is a BAD sign |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| High count is observed in some leukemias, some bacterial infections, and rickettsial infections |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: We do not see decreased Eosinophils OR Basophils |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Albinism
Recurrent Infections
Giant, fused lysozyme granules in most cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 qualitative WBC Disorders are inherited? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| LE prep is ____ but not _____ |
|
Definition
| Specific but not Sensitive |
|
|
Term
| Which condition is LE Cells typically found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelofibrosis is considered a _____ state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extramedullary hematopoiesis causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemoid reaction ____ LAP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All acute leukemias have ____ platelet count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually present in young adults with lymphadenopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reactive lymphocytes (ballerina skirt) Monospot and heterophil will be _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ALL : TdT, PAS, & CALLA are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a blast be distinguished from a lymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell is usually seen in viral infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell is usually seen in parasitic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be seen in the blasts of AML? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the platelet count on a patient with chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Myeloproliferative Disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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