Term
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Definition
1) transport subs
-O2: to tiss
-CO2: away from tiss
-nutrients
-heat
-waste
-horm
2) regulate
-body pH
-temp
-hydration of cells
3) protect against
-blood loss
-microbes
-toxins |
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Term
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Definition
1) Plasma (top)
-soluble things
-45-55%
2) FORMED ELEMENTS
a) BUffer coat
-leukocytes/thrombocytes/platelets
-1-2%
-fraction of antocoag blood that contains mostly leuk and platelets
b) erythrocytes
-38-55% |
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Term
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Definition
1) H20 (90%)
2) PROTEIN (7%) --> primarily produced by liver
-ALB:maintain osmotic press
-globulins: transport proteins (a,B) antibodies (y)
-clotting proteins: catalyze fibrin polymerization to prevent blood loss
-"transient" proteins: soluble proteins from necrotic cells. no func roles in bs
3) other solutes
-nitrogenous solutes (ex: urea)
-nutrients (ex: gluc)
-eletrolytes (ex: Na+)
-resp gases (ex: o2) |
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Term
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Definition
The ones we ifer the most about dz. Usually theyre at a low baseline level, but will start to see these rise b/c of a bunch of proteins from dead cells in the blood stream. Typically tells us theres something wrong in the body. Do not have a func roll in the blood stream.
(EX: elevated ALT, just tells if theres a liver problem) |
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Term
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Definition
PLASMA
* liquid portion of unclotted blood
* treated w/ anticoagulants and centrifuge
* serum + clotting factors = plasma
SERUM
* leftover fluid after clot formation
* blood w/ no anticoags OR blood w/ neutralized anticoag (added Ca)
* clotted plasma (spun) --> serum |
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Term
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Definition
K9/fel
* colorless/light yellow --> bili
horse/cow
* md yellow --> carotenoids in plants
* horse has higher [bili] that other species
sheep, pig, H2O buff
*do not show plasama color from plants |
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Term
| Color changes indicate problems |
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Definition
LIPIDEMIA
*colorless to white
HEMOGLOBULINEMIA
*drk red
BILIRUBINEMIA
*drk yellow |
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Term
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Definition
| allow to test amount of protein in blood andurine conc |
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Term
| Finding problems w/ plasam and serum |
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Definition
can look for certain proteins to indicate problem:
liver and kidneys func is to take things out
: so if you see an accumulation here, indicates they may not be doing their job
*bile acids, t-bili, ALT (AST- lrg an) --> liver issue
* creatine --> kidney issue
*amylase--> pancreatic prob |
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Term
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Definition
testing plasma/serum
• Serum Enzymes
-Eg. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, Lipase,
Amylase, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
• Normal Metabolites Reflecting Tissue Function: Bilirubin, Bile
Acids, BUN
• Glucose, Triglycerides and Protein
• Electrolytes and pH
• pO2 , pCO 2
• Hormones
• Viral proteins, antibodies.
• Small RNAs (?) |
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Term
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Definition
* want to find enz specific to place of damage/lesion
* enz come from cells: cytoplasm, mito, ER, intercellular granules
DO NOT NEED TO KNOW IN DEPTH |
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Term
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Definition
serum enz can be used to diagnose, monitor, and prognos dz process
The location within the cell impacts on the release of the enzyme into the blood
– Cytoplasm – soluble, easily released
– Granules – released after cell injury
– Mitochondria – released after severe insult
– Membrane – not soluble and released after severe injury |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• ALT – alanine aminotransferase
• AST – aspartate aminotransferase
• SD – sorbitol dehydrogenase
• LD – lactate dehydrogenase
• ALP – alkaline phosphatase
• GGT – gamma glutamyltransferase
• CK – creatine kinase |
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Term
Factors Affecting Enz Activity
(NEED TO KNOW) |
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Definition
• Cell death/injury – increased release of enzymes
• Degradation, inactivation or excretion of serum
enzyme – removal of enzymes from the serum
-have a half life in bs (EX: if you injure you liver, probably wont see signs today, but if ongoing then maybe down the line)
• The magnitude of increase is dependent on several (WILL OFTEN ASK ?S ABOUT THIS)
factors
– The tissue concentration of the enzyme (tissue and species
variable)
– the cellular location of the enzyme
– the amount of tissue injured
– severity of tissue injury
– the rate of enzyme removal from the serum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-
Allow us to measure serum enz activity over time
-
Artificial substrates that change color/flourescense when metabolized by the enz
-
Higher [enz] in blood = faster rate of substrate metabolism and stronger color change
Serum/plasma/blood contains enzymes and other analytes that derive from tissues and enter the bloodstream where they can be sampled and measured |
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Term
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Definition
temp
pH
substrate conc
cofactors
inhibitors
reagent stability |
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Term
| interfering factors of assays |
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Definition
ANIMAL ITSELF
age
species
stress
HUMAN ERROR
anticoagluants
hemolysis
lipemia |
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Term
| anticoagulant interference |
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Definition
• Several anticoagulants are in the form of sodium or potassium salts – affect sodium and potassium levels
• Heparin is often in the form of ammonium salt –
affects blood urea nitrogen (BUN) results
• Anticoagulants such as EDTA, oxalate and citrate
chelate calcium – affect calcium levels and enzyme
activity |
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Term
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Definition
*often b/c human error, but there are some conditions that can cause damaaged rbc
• Can be caused by
– Excessive back pressure on collection syringe
– Forceful transfer of blood to evacuated container
– Rough handling
– Extreme temperatures
• Results in increases in a number of analytes
including iron, lactate dehydrogenase,
potassium and total protein |
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Term
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Definition
| • Harder to shine a light through lipid substances (particles scattering --> false low reading) |
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Term
characteristics of Serum Enzymes That
Make Them Useful Clinical Markers |
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Definition
• Tissue specificity
• Rise specifically when tissue is injured
• Do not rise under “normal” conditions
• Concentration
• Easily measured/inexpensive (substrates available)
• Half-life – “Intermediate” duration (too short: brief
detection window, too long: loss of specificity) |
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Term
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Definition
-
RANGE OF VALUES IN HEALTH ANIM
-
IS +/-2SD of mean ~5% in a haelthy population
-
Generate bell curve
-
When level of pt is outside ref interval → dz of sp tiss source is suspected
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Term
| false negative NEED TO KNOW |
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Definition
| Test result that is read as a negative when it is really a positive (diseased animal with a value within the reference interval) *The overlapping zones where their value is counted as normal b/c theyre in the refernce zone |
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Term
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Definition
The probability of deciding that a truly diseased
animal is diseased based on the test you are
using |
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Term
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Definition
The probability of deciding that a truly normal
animal is normal based on the test you are using. |
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Term
| as the number of tests increases... |
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Definition
*the more tests you run (even on a healthy animal) the more likly you will get an abnormal result
*As the number of analytes tested increases there is a greater chance that at least 1 of those analytes will have an abnormal value |
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Term
false positive
NEED TO KNOW |
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Definition
value is shown as + but should actually be -
when a healthy animal falls w/in red zone/outside ref interval |
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