Term
| What is a normal INR level? |
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Definition
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Term
| If INR is high, what usually can not be done. |
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Definition
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Term
-needs a signed consent
-usually done with conscious anesthesia, an outpatient setting, or during surgery
-Post-Op: monitor for signs of infection and bleeding, avoid aspirin |
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Definition
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Term
| What spots can a bone marrow aspiration be done at? |
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Definition
Sternum
Tibia
Illiac Crest (main spot) |
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Term
| What are the 3 reasons for a blood transfusion? |
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Definition
1. replace or maintain blood volume
2. preserve O2 carrying function of blood
3. increase or maintain coagulation abilities of blood |
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Term
| What are the different types of transfusions? |
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Definition
Packed Red Blood Cells
Platelets
Fresh Frozen Plasma |
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Term
| What does packed red blood cells have in it and when is it give? |
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Definition
RBC's w/o plasma
Given to pt w/o a normal blood volume or RBC's also if HgB and Hct is decreased. |
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Term
| When should blood be given to a pt? |
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Definition
| within 2-4 so bacteria doesn't start to grow |
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Term
| What is sometimes given after a blood transfusion and why? |
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Definition
| Lasix: because of so much fluid being put into the body |
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Term
| What pt's usually get platelets? |
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Definition
chemo
hematologic disorders
open heart surgery
post-op bleeding |
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Term
| What pt's are given blood plasma? |
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Definition
pt's with defective blood clotting(hemophilia)
after receiving packed RBC's |
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Term
| Whys is plasma given slower? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some nursing responsibilities when giving blood? |
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Definition
-get vs before transfusion (baseline)
-2 RN's check blood before given
-infusion monitored by RN (15mins)
-blood must be infuse between 2-4 hours |
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Term
| How long do you have to given blood after it has been delivered? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a pt has a negative reaction to a transfusion what must you do? |
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Definition
1. stop the transfusion
2. start normal saline
3. call the doctor |
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Term
| This reaction has to do with the antigen: antibody incompatibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are S/S of hemolytic reaction? |
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Definition
- N/V
- Fever/Chills
- Increased Respiration
- Chest Pain
- Oliguria
- Hematuria (bloody urine)
- Low back pain |
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Term
| What are S/S of an allergic reaction during a blood transfusion? |
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Definition
- Urticaria (hives)
- Pruritus (itching)
- Fever
- Anaphylactic shock |
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Term
| What are S/S of anaphylactic shock? |
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Definition
- SOB
- Wheezing
- Confusion
- Pallor
- lungs and bronchioles can swell shut |
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Term
| What is a complication from a transfusion which is a really high fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are S/S of pyogenic reaction? |
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Definition
- fever
- chills
- nausea
- headache
- flushing
- tachycardia
- palpitations |
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Term
| What are S/S of circulatory overload? |
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Definition
- cough
- increased pulse
- SOB
- edema |
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Term
| With someone with a history of circulatory overload what should be done? |
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Definition
| Give Lasix between and after |
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Term
| What is a treatment that can not cure a disease but makes is tolerable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a generalized term for blood disorders? |
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Definition
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Term
| Production of RBC's in bone marrow up to 10 million? |
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Definition
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Term
| facts about polycythemia vera? |
|
Definition
- chronic disease occurs in middle age to elderly
- seen in men more then women
- high risk for thrombi
- may cause hyperviscosity (thicker blood)
- may cause hypervolemia (higher volume of blood) |
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Term
| S/S of polycythemia vera? |
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Definition
- plethoric (reddish complexion)
- headache
- fatigue
- night sweats
- pruritus (itching)
- parenthesis (numbing or tingling of skin)
- dyspnea
- ringing in ears
- blurred vision |
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Term
| Treatment for polycythemia vera? |
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Definition
suppression of bone marrow: puts pt at risk for infection
-chemo
- removal of blood (better treatment) |
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Term
| While treating polycythemia vera what often develops? |
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Definition
Leukopenia (low WBC's)
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets) |
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Term
| What is a lower than normal RBC count and HgB? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
- pallor
- decreased activity tolerance
- orthostatic hypotension
- vasoconstriction of the skin, kidney, and peripheral blood vessels
- tachycardia |
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Term
| What is a complete failure of the bone marrow, not making enough or any RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
- congenital or acquired
- life threatening
- 50% chance of living
- high risk of infection
- adverse reaction to rheumatoid arthritis
- pt will be on isolation if sick |
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Term
| A decrease if RBC's, WBC's, and platelets ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
- pallor
- extreme fatigue
- tachycardia
- SOB
- hyptension
- prolonged/ spontaneous bleeding caused by decrease platelets
- frequent infections that do not resolve caused by decrease WBC's |
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Term
| Interventions for aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
- identify cause and remove
- bone marrow transplant is treatment of choice |
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Term
| This disorder is when marrow makes adequate amount of cells but destroyed once released into circulation. |
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Definition
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
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Term
| What are some caused of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
- certain infections
- drug reactions
- cancers
- seen in infants who have the Rh factor but mothers do not |
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Term
| S/S of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
- pallor
- extreme fatigue
- tachycardia
- SOB
- hypotension
- jaundice caused by high bilirubin |
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Term
| Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
- blood transfusion: given cautiously
- treatment starts with corticosteroids
- immune suppressors
- remove spleen |
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Term
| This is the most common anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
- 90% in women
- iron is stored in utero depleted within first 6 months of life |
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Term
| How much of iron is found in Hgb? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is iron stored in the body? |
|
Definition
- bone marrow
- spleen
- liver
- muscles |
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Term
| Causes of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
- diet low in iron
- unable to make adequate amt of HgB with enough iron
- excessive menstrual bleeding
- repeated pregnancies with blood loss
- blood loss in GI tract
- body can't digest or utilize iron |
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Term
| S/S of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
- fatigue
- orthostatic changes
> HR
< BP
- pica
- dyspnea
- palpitations
- loss of appetite
- brittle, poorly shaped nails
- sore tongue
- difficulty swallowing
- HgB <10
- iron levels decreased |
|
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Term
| Treatment for iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
- iron supplements
- Vit C : help absorb iron
- eat foods with iron |
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Term
| This is caused by a deficient vit B12? |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
- incurable
- affects middle age and older persons
- may cause gastrectomy problems |
|
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Term
| What happens with a vit B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
- pt lacks intrinsic factors secreted by stomach necessary to absorption of vit B12
- B12 is necessary for production of RBC's and nervous system function
- rate of destruction of RBC's greater than rate of production |
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Term
| S/S of pernicious anemia? |
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Definition
- fatigue
- pallor
- weakness
- sore tongue
- numbness of hands/feet |
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Term
| Treatment of pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| -monthly vitamin B12 injections |
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Term
| This is due to loss of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sudden loss of large amounts of blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A slow bleed over a long period of time? |
|
Definition
| chronic hemorrhagic anemia |
|
|
Term
| S/S of acute hemorrhagic anemia |
|
Definition
- thirst
- increased pulse
- decreased BP
- pallor
- clammy skin
- mental confusion |
|
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Term
| S/S of chronic hemorrhagic anemia |
|
Definition
- fatigue
- normal pulse
- decreased BP and increase Pulse with exertion
- orthostatic hypotension
- pallor
- headache
- menstrual disturbances |
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Term
| A genetic hemolytic disorder affecting men and women? Abnormal HgB molecule which causes cells to take on a sickle shape when oxygen levels decrease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
- almost only in African Americans
- 1 in 10 carry the trait
- both parents have to have the trait |
|
|
Term
| S/S of sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
- fever/chills
- anemia
- thrombi
- leg ulcers : bad circulation
- jaundice : high billirubin
- pain in chest, bone, and joints
- high rates of maternal complications |
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|
Term
| Treatment for sickle cell anemia crisis? |
|
Definition
- complete bedrest
- analgesics
- IV fluids
- encourage fluids
- ted hose |
|
|
Term
| A medication only given to sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
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