Term
1) Anterior fontanel closes at _____.
2) Posterior fontanel closes at ______. |
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Definition
1) begins @ 9 months
2) 6 weeks to 2 months |
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Term
| Caput succedaneum vs cephalhematoma |
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Definition
Caput succedaneum- swelling over sagittal suture, often noted @ birth
Cephalhematoma- soft, fluctuating effusion of blood trapped beneath pericranium; CONFINED to one cranial bone AND DOES NOT CROSS SAGITTAL SUTURE LINE. |
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Term
| Is thyroid gland palpable in infant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| premature closure of sutures; asymmetrical skull |
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Term
| Suture lines normally not palpable after ___ months |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a craniotabes? What are they associated with? |
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Definition
Abnormal softness of cranium upon palpation.
Associated with hydrocephalus or rickets. |
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Term
Head lag is normal when pulling infant to sitting position until ___ months.
No head lag should be present after ____ months |
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Definition
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Term
| Persistent head tilt may indicate: |
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Definition
| hypotonia, congenital torticollis, muscular/GI abnormalities, vision/hearing deficits. |
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Term
S/S of meningitis
Kernig
Brudzinski |
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Definition
Flexion of the neck causes pain, irritability
Kernig- resists extension of knees/hips
Brudzinski- when neck flexed, knees/hips flex |
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Term
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Definition
| microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, wide/flattened philtrum/thin lips, DD |
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Term
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Definition
| asymmetrical head shape from position positioning of infant on one side for first 6 months of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction of sternocleidomastoid; Can be sequela of URI |
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Term
| Lymph nodes: normal description |
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Definition
Mobile, nontender, and not warm to touch
3 mm in head, 1 cm in neck/inguinal area |
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Term
| Mono lymphnode characteristics |
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Definition
| tonsillar hypertrophy, cervical adenopatht +3-+4; viral |
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Term
Hyperopic= ?
Myopic= ?
Miosis= ? |
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Definition
Hyperopic= farsighted
Myopic= nearsighted
Miosis= pupil contriction |
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Term
1) Fully fixates and follows object @ ____ months
2) Color discrimination present @ ____ months
3) Eye color established @ ___ months
4) Intermittent convergence/strabismus common until ____ months |
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Definition
1) 3-4 months
2) 3-5 months
3) 6 months
4) 6 months |
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Term
| Tear production present @ ____ of age |
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Definition
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Term
| Ptosis- causes? when to refer? |
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Definition
Eyelid droop or absent or faint lid crease; may be from brachial plexus injury during delivery
Refer- if extends over the pupil and causes infant to tilt head to see |
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Term
Arteries vs veins in eye:
1) color
2) ratio |
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Definition
1) arteries- thinner, more orange-red
veins- larger and darker
2) A:V ratio-> 2:3 |
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Term
What is papilledema?
Causes? |
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Definition
Bilateral optic disk edema
Increased ICP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of absent red light reflex? |
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Definition
Leukokoria (whitish opacity of pupil)
Retinoblastoma
Congenital cataracts |
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Term
Initial test to assess alignment of EOM in infant and young child?
In older children? |
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Definition
Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test)
Six cardinal fields of gaze |
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Term
Cover/uncover test looks for?
Earliest you can use this test? |
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Definition
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Term
1) inward deviation of uncovered eye
2) Outward deviation of uncovered eye
3) What is phoria? |
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Definition
1) esotropia
2) exotropia
3) deviation of covered eye |
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Term
| Congenital esotropia occurs _____ and accommodative esotropia occurs _____. |
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Definition
1) first 6 months
2) 12 months to 7 yrs |
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Term
Strabismus causes?
What id strabismus goes undiagnosed? |
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Definition
Double vision and loss of depth perception
Amblyopia develops |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossed appearance of eyes |
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Term
What is nystagmus?
Cause in preterm baby?
In adolescent?
What do you do about it? |
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Definition
Spontaneous, involuntary movement of the eyes indicating poor visual acuity
In premies- ROP, intracranial hemorrhage, tumor
In teens- drug OD or chemical toxicity
Thorough neuro exam and evaluation by opthalmologist |
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Term
Begin visual acuity testing at age _____.
Testing with Snellen Tumbling E begins _____ and is used until ? |
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Definition
2-3 years
Pre-K
Until child knows standard letters |
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Term
| Refer when accurate visual testing yields ___ difference refraction between eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| Visual testing for color begins at age____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital glaucoma triad of symptoms: |
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Definition
1) photopobia
2) epiphora (excessive tearing)
3) blepharospasm (eyelid squeezing) |
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Term
1) Most common location of retraction pockets and congenital or acquired cholesteatoma?
2) What is a cholesteatoma? |
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Definition
1)Prussak's space
2) Symptomatic white mass in middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
T-toxoplasmosis
O- other (congential syphillis and viruses)
R- rubella
C- CMV
H- Herpes |
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Term
Pull ear ___ and back for child.
Pull ear ___ and back for adolescent/adult. |
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Definition
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Term
Tympanic membrane is usually:
1) convex
2) concave |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the mobility of the TM tell us? |
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Definition
| No mobility- increased negative pressure in middle ear, ear retracted; fluid/effusion |
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Term
| Color of TM can be affected by? |
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Definition
| Crying, irritation, fever |
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Term
| Irrigation of the ear is contraindicated with: |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: Cerumen is only yellow and flaky. |
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Definition
| False- depends on ethnicity |
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Term
| Hearing testing should be performed when? |
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Definition
Before 3 months of age
Yearly with audiometry starting at age 3 |
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Term
Weber Tests looks for ________.
Rhine test looks for _________. |
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Definition
Lateralization.
air vs bone conduction; normal 2:1 |
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Term
| What is conductive hearing loss? Causes? |
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Definition
Conductive hearing loss- abnormal transmission of sound waves through canal, TM, middle ear; no problems with nerve-> impulses do not reach it
Conductive hearing loss causes: cholesteatoma, chronic/recurrent otitis (but never alone), OI |
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Term
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Causes? |
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Definition
Hearing loss caused by abnormalities of cochlea, auditory nerve or pathways.
Often congenital and unknown etiology, infections, TORCH, premies (ECMO and persistent PHTN), meningitis, chemo 'platins, radiation |
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Term
True or False:
Calcification of dentition and tooth eruption occurs earlier in Caucasian boys. |
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Definition
False.
Girls and in African American and Native American |
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Term
Which sinuses are present at birth?
When do the others form? |
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Definition
At birth- maxillary and ethmoid
Sphenoid- starts developing at age 5
Frontal- starts developing between age 4-8 |
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Term
What size are the tonsils?
1) Tonsils visible midway between tonsillar pillars?
2) Tonsils touching at midline?
3) Tonsils nearly touching uvula? |
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Definition
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Term
1) Which erupt first: mandibular central incisors? Mandibular lateral incisors? Cuspids?
2) What age do you get first tooth?
3) When do maxillary incisors erput? |
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Definition
1) Central incisors 1st, then lateral, then first molars, then cuspids.
2) 4-6 months
3) 1-2 months after mandibular incisors |
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Term
| How many teeth should you have at 24-30 months? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many permanent teeth should you have? |
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Definition
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Term
True of False:
Trauma, low birth weight, infection has been associated with delayed eruption of permanent teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
CN ___ innervates the tongue for sensation and taste.
CN ___ innervates the tongue for motor function. |
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Definition
IX glossopharyngeal and X vagus
XII hypoglossal |
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Term
| Sensation of taste is not fully functional until age ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wharton's ducts are located? |
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Definition
| Base of tongue by frenulum |
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Term
| What is an allergic salute? |
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Definition
| Transverse crease across nose r/t constant upward swipe of hand r/t chronic drainage. |
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Term
What color are the turbinates with allergies?
What color are the turbinate with URI's? |
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Definition
Allergies- pale, swollen
URI- inflamed and red |
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Term
True or false:
Anticonvulsants may cause hyperplasia of the gums. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
Candidiasis lesions will easily wipe off tongue. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a geographic tongue? |
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Definition
| Benign inflammation of dorsal surface of tongue causing reddened areas with absent papillae and surrounding whitish border. |
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Term
True or false:
Dark pink enlarged tonsils may indicate chronic respiratory allergies or infections. |
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Definition
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