Term
| What are gross hearing tests? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the whisper test? |
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Definition
| Have patient cover ear opposite of the one being tested. Stand 1-2 ft behind patient and whisper. Note pt's ability to hear words. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a test of lateralization of sound throgh bone conduction. If patient cannot hear the sound equally between both ears, you must perform the Rinne test to determine which ear is most affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to compare air conduction and bone conduction. Place vibrating tuning fork on pt's mastoid process. Note time til pt no longer hears fork. Quickly bring vibrating fork infront of ear. Note time til pt no longer hears fork. Compare the times between the two ears. |
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Term
| What is the tonsil grading scale? |
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Definition
It is a scale used to assess the tonsils. Grades are scaled from 0 to 4+:
0 - Not very enlarged.
1+ - Tonsils extend to arches
2+ - Tonsils extend just beyond arches
3+ - Tonsils approximate the uvula
4+ - Tonsils meet midline, "kiss" |
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Term
| Describe the process for examining the ear with otoscope. |
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Definition
| This process is used to assess the external ear canal and the tympanic membrane (TM). Assess the ear canal for patency, color, drainage, lesions and foreign objects. Assess the TM for color, intactness, landmarks, and mobility. |
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Term
| What is the normal color for the Tympanic Membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to recognize the form of solid object by touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to recognize outlines, written on skin. |
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Term
| Describe two-point discrimination |
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Definition
| Ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points. |
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Term
| What is point localization? |
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Definition
| Ability to sense and locate the area being stimulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to recognize that both sides of the body are being touched at once. |
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Term
| What is the Glasgow Coma Scale? |
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Definition
| A neurological scale that assess the conscious state of a person. Get between 3 (deeply unconsious person) to 15 (awake and alert person) points. |
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Term
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Definition
| To check for the reflection of light off the retina. Check for presence of opacities (opaqueness). |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects eye from injury and distributes lubicration over the eye globe. |
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Term
| What do the lacrimal glands do? |
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Definition
| They're located in the pper lid just below the orbital rim. Produces tears to moisturize the globe and wash away foreign bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underlies the blbar conjuctiva and gives the eyeball its white color. A tough avascular laer that gives the eye its structure and sape, which is important for transmission of visual images to the back of the eye for interpretation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior outermost layer of the eyeball, which covers the pupil and iris and extends to the limbus. Contains sensory innervation for pain, thus providing an early warning system for eye injury. Avascular and transparent. |
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Term
| What is the Anterior chamber? |
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Definition
| The area between the cornea and the iris. filled with a clear fluid called aqueos humor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular muscular tissue that forms the colored part of the eye. The aperture of the iris forms the pupil and controls the amount of light entering the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pupule is the aperture of the iris. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unequal size of the pupils. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mucuos membrane that lines the eyelids and the outermost portion of the globe. It provides lubrication. |
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Term
| What are the steps for examining the eye? |
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Definition
| Perform head to toe exam to check for signs of diseases of other organs that might affect the eye. Then test for visiual distance and color. Test extraocular muscles ability. Inspect external eye structures. With opthalmoscope, inspect red light reflex, optic disc, retina and vessels. Then palpate eyeball for consistency and lacrimal ducts for tenderness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular folds that surround the mouth; contain sensory receptors and are very sensitive. |
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Term
| What is the buccal mucosa? |
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Definition
| Moist mucuos membrane of the cheeks that assists with eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Help to anchor teeth, part of oral mucosa, cover alveolar bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pharynx is the muscular tube. It is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hard palate (forms the floor of the nasal cavity) and soft palate (posterior to hard palate, elevates during swallowing to prevent food and saliva from entering the nasopharynx). |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphatic tissue that prevents infection. It is divided into the palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal. |
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Term
| What are the salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Secrete saliva, which contains amylase to convert starch to maltose. |
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Term
| What are the Stensen's ducts? |
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Definition
| Drains the parotid gland, enters the oral cavity through the buccal mucosa, opposite the second upper molar. |
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Term
| What is the lingual frenulum? |
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Definition
| Attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. |
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Term
| What are the Wharton's ducts? |
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Definition
| Drains submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, enters te oral cavity under the tongue on the floor of the mouth. |
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Term
| What are the parotid glands? |
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Definition
| Salivary glands anterior to the ear. Secretions help lubricate food to faciliate chewing and swalling. |
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Term
| What are the submandibular glands? |
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Definition
| Located at the posterior corner of the mandible. Assess these glands by looking under the chin. Look for edema/redness. |
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Term
| What are the sublingual glands? |
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Definition
| Located below te floor of the mouth. |
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Term
| What do you assess for when assessing the nares? |
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Definition
| Look for position, deformity, septal deviation, discharge and flaring. Palpate for patency, deformity and tenderness. Also check for epistaxis (nose bleed) and rhinorrea (copious drainage from nose). |
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Term
| What are tests for visual acuity? |
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Definition
| Snellen eye chart. Ishihara's embedded color vision test. And peripheral vision testing. |
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Term
| What tests are used to test extraocular movement? |
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Definition
| The corneal light reflex test. The conver/uncover test. and the Cardinal Feilds of Gaze test. |
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Term
| Explain the process for assessing the external structures of the eye: |
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Definition
| Check general appearance; Assess eyelashes for crusting or infestation; Assess eyelids for edema or lesions; Assess eyeball for protrusion; Assess lacrimal gland and nasolacrima duct for swelling, redness, and drainage; Assess conjuntiva for color and foreign objects; Assess sclera for color; Assess cornea and lens for corneal and blink reflex, as well as for clarity and abrasions; Assess iris for color and shape; Assess pupils for size and eqaulity. Test their reaction to light; Test eye accommodation for various eye distances; Assess anterior chamber of eye for pus or blood and for size and shape; Palpate eyeball for firmness and tenderness; Palpate lacrimal glands for tenderness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to assess the pupils. It stands for: PUPILS are EQUAL, ROUND, and REACT to LIGHT with ACCOMADATION. |
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Term
| What are the developmental considerations for older adults when assessing the eyes? |
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Definition
| Older adults tend to develop presbyopia - descreased ability to focus clearly. May also develop ectropian (sagging of lower lid) or entropion (turning inward of eyelid). Laxity of eyelids leads to poor drainage of tears. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Turning inward of eyelid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased ability to focus clearly. |
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Term
| What are the developmental considerations for older adult's ears? |
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Definition
| Hearing loss is extremely common, called presbycusis, hearing loss associated with age. |
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Term
| What is the tympanic membrane? |
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Definition
| Divides external ear from middle ear: transmits sound waves. It is normally a cloudy grey color. |
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Term
| Where does one assess for DTRs? |
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Definition
| Biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar, and achilles. |
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Term
| What is the grading scale for DTRs? |
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Definition
4+ - Brisk, hyperactive
3+ - brisker than average
2+ - average
1+ - diminished
0 - no response. |
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Term
| What is the procedure for testing the biceps reflex? |
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Definition
| Rest pt's elbow in your nondominant hand with thumb over biceps tendon. Strike your thumbnail. Watch for flexion. |
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Term
| What is the procedure for testing the triceps reflex? |
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Definition
| Lift arm out and flex it at the elbow. Support the arm with nondominant hand. Strike triceps tendon 1-2 inches above olecranon process from behind. Watch for contraction. |
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Term
| What is the procedure for the brachioradialis reflex? |
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Definition
| Strike styloid process of radius. Watch for flexion at elbow and supination of forearm. |
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Term
| Describe a normal lymph node? |
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Definition
| Less than 1 cm in size. Round shape. Soft consistency. Mobile. Nontender. Well defined. |
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Term
| Describe an infected lymph node |
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Definition
| Enlarged. Round. "Boggy". Well defined, mobile and tender. |
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Term
| Describe a malignant lymph node |
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Definition
| Enlarged, irregular shape, hard, irregular borders, immobile, and nontender. |
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Term
| Describe how to assess the thyroid gland. |
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Definition
| Locate the thyroid isthmus below the cricoird cartilage. Inspect for enlargement. To palpate right lobe, slide fingers to the right and gently displace trachea to right. Palpate galnd as patient swallows. Then auscultate the thyroid with the bell for vascular sounds. There should be no vascular sounds. |
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Term
| What are abnormal findings for the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Enlarged thyroid: could indicate tumor or goiter. Or tender thyroid: may indicate inflammatory process such as acute thyroiditis. |
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Term
| What is the buccal mucosa? |
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Definition
| Moist mucous mebrane of the cheeks that asists with eating. |
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Term
| What is the labial frenulum? |
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Definition
| The skin that connects the lips to the gums. |
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Term
| What is the lingual frenulum? |
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Definition
| The skin that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual impairment in whcih you see double vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears. Caused by external stimulus. |
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Term
| What are the nasolabial folds? |
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Definition
| Two skin folds that run from the side of the nose to the corners of the mouth. |
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Term
| What are the palpebral fissures? |
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Definition
| The opening between the margins of the upper and lower eyelids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlargement of the skeletal bones in the face, hands and feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the nostrils widen when you breath. Often a sign of difficulty breathing. |
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Term
| What is periorbital swelling? |
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Definition
| Swelling of the area surrounding the socket of the eye. |
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Term
| What is geographic tongue? |
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Definition
| An inflammatory disorder on the dorsal surface of the tongue characterized by numerous and continually changing areas of the loss and regrwoth of the filiform papillae. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal contact between the teeth of the upper jaw and those of the lower jaw. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymphnodes or lymph vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal condition in which the head is inclined to one side as a result of contraction of the muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The rolling outward of the margin of an eyelid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infolding of the margin of an eyelid. |
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Term
| What is extraocular movement? |
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Definition
| Movements of the eye in a conjugate (parallel) manner. |
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Term
| What is corneal light reflex? |
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Definition
| It determines if the eyes are being maintained in a consulate (parallel) position. |
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Term
| What are direct pupillary reaction? |
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Definition
| Same side response to a focused beam of light |
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Term
| What is concensual pupillary reaction? |
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Definition
| Opposite side response to a focused beam of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inequality of the size of the pupils. |
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Term
| What is a fundoscopic exam? |
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Definition
| Visual inspection fo the interior eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Diminished hearing acuity in older adults. Specifically high pitched sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit. Can be caused by a tumor or thyroid problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drooping of the upper eyelid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical for stye of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammed swelling of the edge of an eyelid caused by a bacterial infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opaque circle around the corner of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal smallness of the auricle of the ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive enlargement of the auricle of the ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the lips. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 1st cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Olfactory - sense of smell. |
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Term
| What is the 2nd cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 3rd cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Oculomotor - controls movement of the eye and dilation. |
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Term
| What is the 4th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Trochlear - extraocular movements. |
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Term
| What is the 5th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Trigeminal - facial sensation and motor, muscles of mastication. |
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Term
| What is the 6th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Abducen - extraocular movements. |
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Term
| What is the 7th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Facial - motor, facial muscles, sensory taste of anterior tongue. |
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Term
| What is the 8th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 9th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal - swalling, voice, gag, taste posterior tongue. |
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Term
| What is the 10th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Vagus - swallowing, voice, gag. |
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Term
| What is the 11th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Accessory - motor neck muscles |
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Term
| What is the 12th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| Hypoglossal - motor, tongue muscle |
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Term
| What are symptoms of a sinus infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the assessment of the salivary glands. |
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Definition
| Inspect the stensen's ducts (on the cheeks), and the wharton's ducts (under the tongue). Also, palpate the parotid glands (in front of the ear) and submandibular and sublingual (under the mandible). |
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Term
| What are the normal findings for the glands? |
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Definition
| Parotid glands are nonpalpable and nontender. Submandibular and sublingual glands may be palpable but should be nontender, supple, and soft. |
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Term
| How do you assess level of consciousness? |
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Definition
| Test orientation to time, place and person. Awake, alert, and oriented to time, place, and person (AAO x3). |
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Term
| How do you test for mental status? |
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Definition
| Assess their memory (immediate, recent, and remote memory), general knowledge, vocabulary, mathmetical, though process, and abstract reasoning/judgement. You do these by asking questions such as: What is your name? Who is the current US President? etc. |
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Term
| How do you assess for sensory function? |
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Definition
| Assess pt's sensory function by using tests of light touch, pain, temperature, vibration, position sense, stereognosis, graphesthesia, two point discrimination, point localization, and extinction. |
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Term
| How do you assess the nervous system? |
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Definition
| You assess the cerebral function, cranial nerve function, sensory function, and reflexes. Specifically this includes testing behavior, LOC, mental status/memory, mathematical skills and abstract thinking. It also includes communication (Speech and language) as well as visual recognition. |
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