Term
| How does a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) affect heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who typically have higher BMRs? |
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Definition
| Small and young animals and those with Hyperthroidism |
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Term
| How does exercise affect heart rate? |
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Definition
| Increase venous return, enlarged cells which leads to a SLOWER HR |
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Term
| T or F: Larger diameter vessels have less resistance and a faster flow |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| What makes up the Sympathetic NS? |
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Definition
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
Sympathetic trunk along vertebral bodies with ganglia
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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Term
| What does the Sympathetic NS do? |
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Definition
Increase HR
Increase force of contraction and stroke volume (SV)
Increased cardiac output (COP) |
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Term
| What two things does the Sympathetic NS increase? |
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Definition
| Heart Rate (HR) and Force |
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Term
| How does the Sympathetic NS increase HR? |
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Definition
Changes rate of pacemaker firing
Shortened plateau
Increase leakage of Na+ and Ca++ |
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Term
| How does the Sympathetic NS increase Force? |
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Definition
Increased venous return (Related to HR and blood vessel effects)
Increased Ca++ into cardiac muscles (Norepinephrine via cAMP 2nd messenger) |
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Term
| What does the Sympathetic NS do to veins? |
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Definition
| Constricts them in heart and skeletal muscle |
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Term
| How does Vasoconstriction affect BP? |
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Definition
| Smaller diameter for veins leads to increased resistance and therefore increased force |
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Term
| What two things does the Parasympathetic NS decrease? |
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Definition
| HR and Cardiac Output (COP) |
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Term
| What makes up the Parasympathetic NS? |
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Definition
| Craniosacral (vagus nerve) Ganglia in walls or near organs Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at both pre- and post-ganglionic synapses |
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Term
| What does the Vagus nerve do? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the Parasympathetic NS work? |
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Definition
| It opens K+ channels which hyperpolarizes membranes |
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Term
| How does the Parasympathetic NS decrease BP? |
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Definition
| Vasodilation in most vessels which leads to less resistance |
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Term
| How do Baroreceptors trigger the slowdown of the heart? |
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Definition
Carotid bodies and aorta
Stretch with raised BP
Reflex to medulla oblongata
Vagus nerve stimulation to decrease peripheral resistance |
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Term
| What other things regulate BP? |
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Definition
Kidney and water balance
Vasoactive hormones and chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney releases hormone called renin which triggers the Liver’s angiotensinogen to turn to the hormone angiotensin which triggers vasoconstriction and raises BP |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted form the adrenals and increases water uptake at kidney- retains Na++ |
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