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| Parasympathetic: Maintains the slow rhythm by running its vagus nerves through the SA node, which slows it down so the resting heart rate isn’t 100 BPM. |
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| Sympathetic: Does NOT keep the continuous pace of the heart, it only speeds, slows, or manages strength of contraction. |
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| PVC: Premature Ventricular Contraction, this can be caused by chemical stimulants, electrolyte imbalances, and hypoxia. It is an arrhythmia. |
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| Inotropic: are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions.. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Positive inotropes usually increase this level, while negative inotropes decrease it. |
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| Chromotropic: I think he means ChroNotropic. Need an easy answer for this one. |
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| Cardiac Reserve: The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output. |
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| Ejection Fraction: The Percentage of the EDV (End-Diastolic Volume) |
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| Isovolumetric Relaxation: |
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| Isovolumetric Contraction |
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| Isovolumetric Contraction: I need a human explanation for this. GRRRR I know that during this the ventricles will contract but they won’t eject blood. I think it is because there is more pressure in the aorta at this point than the ventricles can push against. |
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| Stoke Volume: The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle with each contraction. Factors that affect it are the preload and afterload. Arteries being blocked or less flexible will cause hypertension therefore increasing the afterload, which decreases stroke volume. If venous return is increased from activity then the preload will be increased, causing a greater stroke volume. Frank Starling! |
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| Cardiac Output UPDATED AND FIXED FOR ACCURACY |
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Definition
| Cardiac Output: The amount ejected by each ventricle in one minute. Cardiac Output equals heartrate plus stroke volume. C0=HRXSV. |
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| Why is the heart fatigue resistant? |
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Definition
| Why is the heart fatigue resistant? The cells are the reason behind this. They contain very large mitochondria that occupy about 25% of the cell where as skeletal muscle mitochondria only occupies about 2%. The cardiac muscle relies on many organic fuels and is rather flexible in that means. It does not however utilize much of the anaerobic fermentation system because it suffers greatly without oxygen. |
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| Exercise and the heart: First thing that happens is the proprioceptors in the cardiac muscle say “HEY WE ARE WORKING AND WILL BE TIRED SOON!” Venous return increases preload on the right ventricle. As blood moves through the pulmonary circuit pressure is put on the left ventricle. Stroke volume rises and the heart compensates by working harder. Duh. Somebody with a very high stroke volume has a lower resting heart rate because they don’t need to work as hard to push so much blood. |
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| The heart ejects as much as it receives ish. |
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| Myogenic, meaning the heartbeat originates in the heart. It is autorythmic meaning it has regular, spontaneous depoloarization. |
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| Pacemaker of the heart, initiates heartbeat and sets heart rate. (Fibrous skeleton insulates atria from ventricles) |
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| Electrical Gateway to the ventricles |
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| AV Bundle, Branches, and Purkinje Fibers |
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Definition
Bundle: Pathway for signals from AV Node.
Branches: Right and left branches are the divisions of the AV Bundle that enter interventricular septum.
Purkinje Fibers: Move upward from the Apex and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. |
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| Structure of the Cardiac Muscle |
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Definition
Short branched cells with one central nucleus. Very little SR and large T Tubules. Lots of calcium gained from Extracellular fluid.
Intercalated discs join myocytes end to end.
Gap junctions allow ions to flow.
interdigitating folds increase surface area. |
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Definition
Properties of blood - two important properties of blood are Viscosity and Osmolarity
• Viscosity - is the resistance of fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles
• "The thickness or stickiness of a fluid"
• Whole blood is 4.5 to 5.5 times as viscous as water, mainly because of the RBC
• Osmolarity - Total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel walls
• High Osmolarity - Causes fluid to absorption into blood, raises BP
• Low Osmolarity - Causes fluid to remain in the tissues, may result in edema |
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• Albumin - The smallest and the most abundant plasma protein. It serves to transport various solutes and buffers the pH of the plasma. Contributes to Viscosity and Osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance
• Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure
• major contributor to blood viscosity
• Transports lipids, hormones, calcium and other solutes |
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Definition
•Plasma Protein: Globulins (Antibodies) - Provide immune system functions
• divided into three subclasses Alpha, Beta and Gamma
• Function of Gamma Globulins - Antibodies and Combat Pathogens
• Come from plasma cells - connective tissue cells that are descended from white blood cells called B-Lymphocytes |
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| • Fibrinogen - is a soluble precursor of Fibrin, a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot. |
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Components of plasma - in addition to proteins, the blood plasma contains such nitrogen-containing compounds as Free Amino Acids, and Nitrogenous Waste
• Nitrogenous Waste - Toxic end products of Catabolism
• The most abundant is Urea, a product of amino acid catabolism
• These wastes are excreted by the kidneys at a rate that balances their production |
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| Erythropoiesis Nutritional needs and Homeostasis (production, disposal) |
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Definition
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| Function of RBC and carbonic anhydrase |
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Definition
• The major function of RBC is gas transport
• RBC increase their surface area with the loss of organelles during maturation
• Also increases diffusion rate of substance
• 33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin delivers Oxygen to tissues and Carbon Dioxide to the lungs
• The cytoplasm also contains an enzyme, Carbonic Anhydrase(CAH), that catalyzes the reaction CO2 + H2O ↔H3CO2 |
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Definition
Hemoglobin Structures
• Heme Group is combined with each protein chain, this allows the hemoglobin molecule to carry four Oxygen(O2) molecules
• Oxygen binds to the Ferrous Ion(Fe²⁺)
• Globins are four Protein Chains
• 2-Alpha and 2-Beta chains |
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Definition
Effects of Anemia
• Causes of Anemia fall into three categories
• Inadequate Erythropoiesis or Hemoglobin synthesis
• Hemorrhagic Anemia from bleeding
• Hemolytic Anemia from RBC destruction
• Effects of Anemia
• Tissue hypoxia and necrosis (Short of breath or weakness )
• Low Blood Osmolarity (Tissue edema (Swelling))
• Low Blood Viscosity (Heart races and Pressure Drops) |
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