Term
| The mediastinum is divided into two compartments at what palpable landmark? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the mediastinum? |
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Definition
| Superior and Inferior mediastinum |
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Term
| What are the important contents of the superior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| Thymus, Brachiocephalic vein, aortic arch, trachea, esophagus, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk, thoracic duct |
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Term
| How many subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contents of the middle mediastinum? |
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Definition
| heart, superior vena cava, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, phrenic nerve |
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Term
| What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| Esophagus, Thoracic aorta, Vagus n, sympathetic trunk, Thoracic duct |
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Term
| Deoxygenated blood is carried into the right atrium via what vessels? |
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Definition
| Superior and Inferior Vena Cava |
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Term
| Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the lungs along what vessels? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary arteries (right and left originating from a pulmonary trunk) |
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Term
| oxygenated blood leaves the lung and enters the left atrium via what vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart through what blood vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides vascularization to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of valves are in place between the right atrium and ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of valves are in place between the left atrium and ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the tricuspid and mitral av valve? |
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Definition
| Tricuspid is three leaflets while mitral is two |
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Term
| The heart of an embryo has a shunt in the atrial septum, what is the name of this shunt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the foramen ovale? |
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Definition
| Prevents too much blood from going to underdeveloped (read useless) lungs |
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Term
| umbilical veins carry what type of blood? |
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Definition
| Oxygenated maternal blood |
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Term
| Umbilical arteries carry what kind of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ductus arteriosis? |
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Definition
| A connection in place that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into the aortic arch, bypassing the lungs |
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Term
| Why is a post-ductal coarctation not as bad as a pre-ductal coarcation? |
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Definition
| In post-ductal coarctation the internal thoracic provides imperfect but potentially life saving compensatory perfusion. In preductal the internal thoracic is not accustomed to the increased blood flow (not dilated) and therefore cannot cope with the increased demands |
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Term
| What is the clinical presentation, post-partum, that will be seen in an infant with a coarctation? |
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Definition
| Cyanosis due to poor perfusion |
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Term
| What is divided by the coronary sulcus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is divided by the interventricular sulcus? |
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Definition
| Right and left ventricles |
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Term
| What important blood vessels are found in the coronary sulcus? |
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Definition
| Left/right coronary artery, circumflex artery, coronary sinus, and great cardiac vein |
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Term
| What important blood vessels are found in the interventricular sulcus? |
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Definition
| Anterior and posterior interventricular artery, great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein |
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Term
| What are the semi-lunar valves? |
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Definition
| pulmonary and aortic valves |
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Term
| What is the name for the primordial heart tissue in ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles pull on the AV valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects papillary muscles to valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right? |
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Definition
| Left ventricle has to push blood throughout the entire body whereas the right ventricle only has to send blood to the lungs |
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Term
| Referred pain from the heart is expressed from which spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides parasympathetic enervation to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| The vagus nerve synapses where when enervating the heart? |
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Definition
| Either on the cardiac plexus or in enteric ganglion |
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Term
| What is the intrinsic enervation to the heart? |
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Definition
Sinuatrial (SA) node,
Atriventricular (AV) Node,
Atrioventricular Bundle (His)
Left and Right Bundle Branches,
Purkinje Fibers |
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Term
| What should be the state of the heart when you heave the AV valves closing? |
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Definition
| The atria should have finished systole and now be in diastole, the ventricle should be in systole |
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Term
| What should be the state of the heart when you hear the semilunar valves closing? |
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Definition
| The ventricle should have just finished systole and the atria should be in diastole |
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Term
| During ventricular diastole, what should be the state of valves of the heart? |
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Definition
Semilunar valves closed
AV valves open (or due to open soon) |
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Term
| During ventricular systole, what should be the state of the valves? |
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Definition
| The semilunar valves should be open and the AV valves should be closed |
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Term
| What is the pathology of stenotic valves? When should a heart murmur be heard? |
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Definition
Stenotic valves are too rigid and therefore do not open completely
murmer should be heard prior to valve closure as blood is rushing through and hitting the valve |
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Term
| What is the pathology of incompetent valves? When should a heart murmur be heard? |
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Definition
Incompetent valves cannot close well as they are flaccid
Heart murmur should be heart after heart valves "close" as blood backflows back through the valves |
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Term
| If you wanted to listen to sounds from the mitral valve, where would you listen? |
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Definition
| 5th intercostal space on the left side |
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Term
| If you want to listen to the tricuspid valve, where is the best place to listen? |
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Definition
| 4th intercostal space on the patients right side |
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Term
| Where is the best place to listen to a patients aortic valve sounds? |
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Definition
| second intercostal space on the patients right side |
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Term
| What is the best place to listen to pulmonary valve sounds? |
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Definition
| Second intercostal space on the patients left |
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