Term
| A murmur is a sound related to... |
|
Definition
| turbulent blood flow in the heart |
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Term
| A murmur is a sound that occurs over _____ duration. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| anywhere in the cardiac cycle |
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Term
| Murmurs are usually associated with ______ ________. |
|
Definition
heart disease
(except for innocent murmurs) |
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Term
| The characteristics of a murmur are affected by ______ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| High-pitched murmurs are associated with _____ pressures and are on the _____ side of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low-pitched murmurs are associated with ______ pressures and are on the ______ side of the heart. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do you document timing of a murmur? |
|
Definition
diastolic/systolic
early/mid/late |
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Term
| How do you document duration of a murmur? |
|
Definition
holosystolic or holodiastolic
continuous |
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Term
| How do you document pitch of a murmur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Left-sided murmurs tend to be _____ or _____ pitched. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Right-sided murmurs tend to be _____ pitched. |
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Definition
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Term
| Noting the location of where the murmur is heard the loudest is useful in... |
|
Definition
| determining the etiology of the murmur |
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Term
| How is the radiation of a murmur tracked? |
|
Definition
| by "inching" the stethoscope |
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Term
| A murmur can radiate anywhere in the _____ or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitral regurgitation is heard loudest over the _______ and radiates to the ______ ________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Aortic stenosis is heard loudest over the _______ and radiates to the _____ _______. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ideopathic hypertrophic subaortal stenosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| barely audible in a quiet room (very faint) |
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Term
|
Definition
| heard with careful aid of the stethoscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| heard easily and considered moderately loud |
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Term
|
Definition
| grade III plus a palpable thrill |
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Term
|
Definition
| loud and associated with easily palpable thrill |
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Term
|
Definition
| audible with stethoscope off chest, associated with visible and palpable thrill |
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Term
| The intensity of a heart murmur is influenced by... |
|
Definition
-pressure
-blood viscosity
-blood volume
-lesion
-obesity, chest shape, etc. |
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Term
| Increased pressure leads to _________ intensity of the murmur. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Decreased blood viscosity leads to ________ intensity of the murmur. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased blood volume leads to _______ intensity of the murmur. |
|
Definition
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Term
| ______-sided lesions tend to be louder. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Obesity, chest shape, etc. can ______ intensity of the murmur. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the four descriptors for the quality of a murmur? |
|
Definition
blowing
musical
machinery
harsh |
|
|
Term
| What are the five murmur shapes? |
|
Definition
crescendo
descrescendo
crescendo-decrescendo (diamond-shaped)
pan or holo
combinations of the above |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of murmurs? |
|
Definition
ejection
regurgitant
continuous |
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Term
| Ejection murmurs are associated with... |
|
Definition
| ejection of blood during systole |
|
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Term
| Regurgitant murmurs can be _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous murmurs are associated with... |
|
Definition
| defects in the heart wall (ASD, VSD) |
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Term
| Innocent murmurs may be heard in... |
|
Definition
pediatric patients
patients with a thin chest
young athletic patients |
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Term
| An innocent murmur may be associated with increased ______ ______ or decreased _______. |
|
Definition
| blood flow; viscosity (pregnancy, anemia) |
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|
Term
| Always consider the patient's condition before labeling the murmur as innocent! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innocent murmurs are usually grade ___ or less, heard best along the ______ _____ _____, ______-pitched, _____ quality, and of _____ duration. |
|
Definition
II
left sternal border
medium
soft
short |
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|
Term
| ___ is normal in an innocent murmur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might innocent murmurs be enhanced? |
|
Definition
| maneuvers that increase blood flow to the heart (laying supine with legs elevated) |
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Term
| Innocent murmurs may ______ when the patient is sitting. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When are innocent murmurs usually heard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for systolic ejection murmurs? |
|
Definition
| outflow obstruction murmurs |
|
|
Term
| What are the three potential etiologies of ejection murmurs? |
|
Definition
aortic stenosis
pulmonary stenosis
IHSS |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for regurgitant murmurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of regurgitant murmurs? |
|
Definition
mitral regurgitation
aortic regurgitation
pulmonic regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aortic stenosis with regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| Continuous murmurs occur during.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two potential etiologies of continuous murmurs? |
|
Definition
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect |
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Term
|
Definition
| sound of turbulent blood flow within an artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| sound of turbulent blood flow within a vein |
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Term
| A cardiac rub is associated with... |
|
Definition
| movement of the heart within the inflamed pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any or all phases of the heart cycle |
|
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Term
| A rub may disappear as _______ develops. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you think when you hear a rub? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| An opening snap is a _____-pitched sound. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What causes an opening snap? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What can an opening snap be confused with? |
|
Definition
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Term
| A click is a ____-pitched sound heard in ______. |
|
Definition
| high; systole (early, mid, or late) |
|
|
Term
| What is associated with a systolic click? |
|
Definition
| diseased mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse) |
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