Term
| anterior & posterior interventricular grooves |
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Definition
| what structure(s) mark(s) the location of the septum between ventricles on the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| what chamber of the heart does the vena cava dump into? |
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Term
| atrioventricular groove (coronary groove) |
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Definition
| what structure on the heart separates the atria from the ventricles? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many pulmonary veins are there going to the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at the heart ANTERIORLY, what chamber would you mostly be viewing? |
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Term
| right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle |
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Definition
| list all chambers seen in an anterior view of the heart |
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Term
| left atrium and left ventricle |
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Definition
| what chambers of the heart can be seen from a posterior view? |
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Term
| Right brachiocephalic vein |
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Definition
| if you find the clavicle on a radiograph and where it meets the manubrium, what heart structure is right below it? |
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Term
| the aortic knob from the arch of the aorta |
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Definition
| what heart structure will not be clearly seen on a radiograph if there is a coarctation? |
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Term
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Definition
| what structure is located directly below the aortic knob when looking at a radiograph? |
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Term
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Definition
| what structure's shadow obscures the apex of the heart usually? |
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Term
| obese with lots of fat around the heart |
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Definition
| if the normally "oblique shadow" is more horizontal on your chest radiograph, your patient is likely _____ |
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Term
| they probably have a long thorax |
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Definition
| if the normally "oblique shadow" is more vertical on your chest radiograph, what can you say about your patient? |
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Term
| the normal angle formed by the left border of the heart |
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Definition
| what is the oblique shadow on a chest radiograph? |
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Term
1)sinus venarum
2)the part with pectinate muscles
these are distinguished based on embryonic origin, and morphology (smooth vs. muscular) |
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Definition
| name the two parts of the right atrium and explain why they are distinguished from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| what embryonic structure is the sinus venarum derived from? |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth, thin walled, posterior part of the right atrium that receives the VENA CAVA and CORONARY SINUS |
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Term
good question, probably says in embryo somewhere, but not in anatomy
(primitive atria) |
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Definition
| what is the part of the atrium with the pectinate muscles and the auricle derived from embryonically? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what divides the pectinate muscles and the sinus venarum in the right atrium? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what divides the left and right atria? |
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Term
| fossa ovalis, right atrium |
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Definition
| what is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale valve? what heart chamber is it found in? |
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Term
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Definition
| what percent of the population has an atrial septal defect? |
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Term
oxygenated blood is shunted to the right atrium and overloads the pulmonary system.
Because of this, the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged |
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Definition
| what happens if a person's atrial septal defect is too large? |
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Term
before birth, right is higher
after birth, left is higher |
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Definition
| before birth is right atrial pressure higher or left atrial pressure? after birth? |
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Term
| right atrioventricular orifice |
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Definition
| the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through what structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the right ventricle |
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Term
| muscular part(inferior) and membranous part(superior and posterior) |
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Definition
| what are the 2 parts of the interventricular septum? |
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Term
| conus arteriosus, in the right ventricle |
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Definition
| cone shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk (what heart chamber is this in?) |
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Term
| tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve |
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Definition
| what valve guards the right atrioventricular orifice? |
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Term
| semi-lunar (has 3 cusps, but not the same structure as tricuspid) |
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Definition
| what kind of valve is the pulmonary valve? |
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Term
| anterior, posterior, septal |
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Definition
| name the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve |
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Term
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Definition
| what connects the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve to the papillary muscles? |
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Term
they prevent reguritation(prevent blood from flowing back into the atria) by preventing the cusps of the valves from prolapsing into the atria
DO NOT open or close the valves!! |
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Definition
| what is the function of the chordae tendonae/papillary muscles in the atrioventricular valves? |
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Term
anterior goes to anterior
posterior goes to posterior
septal goes to septal
(EASY) |
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Definition
| name the papillary muscles attached to the right atrioventricular valve, and describe which cusp of the valve they anchor |
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Term
carries the right branch of the AV bundle to the anterior papillary muscle
aka the moderator band |
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Definition
| at the base of the anterior papillary muscle is a structure called the septomarignal trabeculum, what does it do, and what is another name for it? |
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Term
| prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction |
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Definition
| function of the atrioventricular valves |
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Term
|
Definition
| what receives oxygenated blood via the 4 pulmonary veins? |
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Term
| mostly smooth, except for pectinate muscles in the left auricle |
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Definition
| is the left atrium's interior mostly smooth or muscle? |
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Term
| left atrioventricular orifice |
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Definition
| the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium via what structure? |
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Term
| mitral valve aka BICUSPID valve |
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Definition
| what valve guards the left atrioventricular orifice? |
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Term
| anterior and posterior (no septal) |
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Definition
| name the cusps of the mitral valve |
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Term
| left ventricle TC are finer and more numerous than in the right ventricle |
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Definition
| compare the trabeculae carnae of the left ventricle to the right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| which ventricle wall is thicker? right or left? |
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Term
| Right is cRescent shaped left is conical shaped |
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Definition
| describe/compare the shapes of the ventricles |
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Term
the part that leads to the aorta is smooth
(in the R atrium the smooth part is close to the vessel[vena cava] so remember as you enter and exit the heart the part before the vessels is smooth) |
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Definition
| where is the smooth part of the left ventricle? |
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Term
| aortic valve, semilunar (has no pectinate muscles, the pectinate muscles in the L ventricle support the mitral valve only) |
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Definition
| what valve guards the ASCENDING aorta? what type of valve is it? |
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Term
AV Valves: prevent backflow to atrium from ventricle during systole
right: tricuspid between RA and RV
left: mitral/bicuspid between LA and LV
Semilunar valves: located at pulmonary trunk and aorta, take blood from the ventricles (both at arteries) have NO chordae tendonae
right: pulmonary valve
left: aortic valve |
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Definition
| list all the valves in the heart and what structures/chambers they guard |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the papillary muscles that are associated with the mitral valve |
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Term
| ventricles (they anchor the AV valves to prevent their prolapse) |
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Definition
| in what heart chambers would you find papillary muscles? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most commonly diseased valve of the heart? |
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Term
nodules can form on the cusps, or there can be congentially extra tissue
turbulence erodes the endothelial surface of the valve and makes it smooth so bacterial infections occur more easily (endocarditis) |
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Definition
| what sorts of things can happen to the mitral valve that cause turbulence? why is turbulence bad? |
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Term
| people with a heart murmur might need to take antibiotics because teeth cleaning introduces a lot of bacteria to the blood stream and people with murmurs are more suceptible to endocarditis due to erosion of the heart surfaces |
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Definition
| what kind of people should maybe take antibiotics before they get their teeth cleaned? why? |
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Term
|
Definition
| prolapse of this valve occurs in 7% of females |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemodynamics say that ______ infections occur when transient bacteremias seed ABNORMAL ENDOTHELIAL surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| what valves normally have nodules and lunules? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many cusps do semilunar valves have? |
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Term
| pulmonary trunk(anterior) and aorta(posterior) |
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Definition
| what adult structures are formed from a septation and rotation of the truncus arteriosis? |
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|
Term
v-diastole: pulmonary and aortic (semilunar)
v-systole: mitral and tricuspid (AV's) |
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Definition
| what valves close in ventricular diastole? ventricular systole? |
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Term
| aortic valve: right, left, posterior |
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Definition
| which semilunar valve is closer to the superior vena cava? name its cusps |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| name the cusps of the pulmonary valve |
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Term
| THERE IS NO VALVE here!! (valves only guard arteries and atria on either side of the ventricles) |
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Definition
| name the valve guarding the vena cava |
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Term
| THERE IS NO VALVE here!! (valves only guard arteries and atria on either side of the ventricles) |
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Definition
| name the valve guarding pulmonary veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is located at the midpoint of the free edge of semilunar valves? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is a thin connective tissue area on either side of the nodule in a semilunar valve? |
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Term
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Definition
| which arteries arise from aortic sinuses(enlarge areas above the aortic valve where blood pools) |
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Term
| as the aortic sinuses fill following ventricular contraction |
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Definition
| when do the coronary sinuses fill with blood? |
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Term
| myocardium (most importantily) and epicardium |
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Definition
| what heart layers do the coronary arteries supply? |
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Term
60% of the time it comes off the right coronary artery
40% it comes off the left coronary artery |
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Definition
| where does the sinuatrial nodal (SA) artery come off 60% of the time? 40% of the time? |
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Term
right marginal
posterior interventricular artery(posterior descending art) |
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Definition
| list the branches of the right coronary artery |
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|
Term
| atrioventricular(AV) nodal artery -> posterior interventricular -> right coronary artery -> right aortic sinus |
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Definition
| trace the AV nodal artery back to the aortic sinus in a textbook case |
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Term
| circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery(anterior descending artery aka LAD) |
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Definition
| list the branches of the left coronary arteries |
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Term
| no, they are functionally end arteries, unless a person has a very slow progressing occlusion and is extremely healthy, the coronary arteries are functionally end arteries |
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Definition
| are the coronary arteries anastamosed to provide collateral circulation to the heart? |
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Term
| the branch to the SA node off the right coronary artery |
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Definition
| what artery wraps around the aorta anteriorly? |
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|
Term
defined by the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery.
Most common is right dominant |
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Definition
| how is dominance of the coronary arterial system determined? what is the most common? |
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|
Term
1. anterior interventricular artery
2. right coronary artery
3. circumflex artery |
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Definition
| list the 3 most common sites of coronary occulusion in order of most common to least. |
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Term
| radial artery, great saphenous vein, internal thoracic artery |
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Definition
| what vessels are often used in coronary bypass surgery as a graft? |
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Term
|
Definition
| which of the heart veins drain directly into the right atrium? |
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Term
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Definition
| what vein runs toward the right and drains in the right atrium. It is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart |
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Term
great cardiac vein: anterior above IV septa
middle cardiac vein: posterior on the IV septa
small cardiac vein: right side of heart |
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Definition
| what veins drain into the coronary sinus? describe the general location of each |
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|
Term
| 2 umbillical arteries and 1 umbillical vein |
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Definition
| list the 3 vessels of fetal circulation |
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|
Term
| medial umbilical ligaments of the anterior abdominal wall |
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Definition
| what do the umbilical arteries become in the adult? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what are the umbilical arteries branches of? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of blood do the umbilical arteries carry? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what does the umbilical vein become in the adult? |
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|
Term
| ligamentum venosus (this bypasses liver circulation) |
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Definition
| what is the ligamentum teres continous with in the liver? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what vessel carries oxygenated mom's blood from the umbilical vein to the right atrium? |
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Term
superior: deoxy blood from the head
inferior: oxy blood from mom |
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Definition
| what type of blood are each parts of the vena cava carrying in the fetus? |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood flows from IVC, to right atrium, to ______, to left atrium in the fetus |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood from the SVC flows -> right atrium, -> _____ valve, -> R atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the fetus deoxy blood from the head goes from the SVC, -> right atrium, -> right ventricle, -> pulmonary trunk -> _______ -> aorta |
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Term
|
Definition
| what part of the fetus gets the most oxygenated blood? |
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|
Term
| 2/3 from anterior, 1/3 from posterior (it would be worse therefore to knock out the Left Coronary Artery because it gives rise to the anterior IV artery typically) |
|
Definition
| how much of the blood to the septum comes from the anterior interventricular artery? posterior? |
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