Term
Primitive beleifs
4000 BC – 3000 BC |
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Definition
| Ilness and diseases were a punishment from the gods |
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Term
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with
4000 BC – 3000 BC |
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Definition
| ceremonies to drive out the evil spirits |
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Term
Trepanation or trephining
4000 BC – 3000 BC |
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Definition
| holes were drilled into the skull of the affected person to treat things like insanity, epilepsy, and headaches |
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Term
Ancient Egyptians
3000 BC – 300 BC |
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Definition
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment |
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Ancient Chinese
1700 BC – AD 220 |
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Definition
| Used therapies such as acupuncture |
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Term
Ancient Greeks
1200 BC –200 BC |
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Definition
Hippocrates era
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes & used therapies such as massage,
art therapy, and herbal treatment |
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Term
Ancient Romans
753 BC – AD 410 |
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Definition
Established first hospital
(Caring for solders in their homes)
First public health and sanitation
systems by building sewers and aqueducts |
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Term
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Definition
Began after the fall of the Roman Empire!!
~study of scientific-based medicine stopped
Emphasis on saving the soul & STUDY OF MEDICINE WAS PROHIBITED
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer |
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Term
Middle Ages
AD 800 – AD 1400 |
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Definition
| Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans |
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Term
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Definition
| killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia |
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Term
Renaissance
AD 1350 – AD 1650 |
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Definition
Dissection of body led to increased understanding of
anatomy and physiology
Invention of printing press allowed medical
knowledge to be shared (books and papers
allowed for medical information to be shared more easily!!!!)
Renewed interest in the science of medicine |
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Term
| Invention of the microscope |
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Definition
| allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms and start to realize that diseases were caused by something other than the angry Gods |
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Term
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Definition
| Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies where the medicines were made and sold |
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Term
| Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) |
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Definition
Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”
Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854
Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals
Begin the professional education of nurses with the first formal training program!!! |
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Term
| Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Women became active participants in health care in which century |
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Definition
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Term
Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body
ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| discovered and used to treat diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| first developed in the 20th century to fight infections |
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Term
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Definition
important invention of the 20th century that allows patients with kidney failure to lead a somewhat normal life
filters out kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Heart Lung Machine (used by the perfusionist in the OR during open heart surgery)
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to
cure once fatal conditions (still 20th)
Organ Transplants
Test tube babies-most recent medical discovery!!
Implanted first artificial heart (Jarvik) |
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Term
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Definition
HEALTH CARE PLANS DEVELOPED TO HELP PAY THE COST OF CARE
Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena-made sure everyone had access to quality health care!!! (20th century) |
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Term
| Hippocrates (c. 460 – 377 BC) |
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Definition
Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine”-He laid the foundation for the professional behavior of all Dr.’s who followed after him!!(Hippocratic Oath)
Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today (What all doctors today follow/code of ethics and standards)
Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise (diet was very important to him so if you complained you had a stomach ache, he felt it was most likely diet related!!!) |
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Term
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
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Definition
Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms
Scraped his teeth and observed the |
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Term
| Edward Jenner (1749-1823) |
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Definition
Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
~ (used to be a deadly disease, but now almost never seen!!) |
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Term
| Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) |
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Definition
Invented bifocals & found that
colds could be passed from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
Invented the stethoscope in 1819
First stethoscope was made of wood and used to listen
to the sounds inside the body like breath sounds and
bowel sounds- now very high tech!! |
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Term
| Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) |
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Definition
| First female physician in the United States in 1849 |
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Term
| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
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Definition
Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease
Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs through a process called pasteurization
Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885
Founded the basic rules for sterilization-this helped to prevent infections!!!! |
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Term
| Joseph Lister (1827-1912) |
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Definition
Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery
~also important in helping prevent infection!!! |
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Term
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Definition
Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War
After Civil War, established a bureau of records to
search for missing men
Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva,
which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers
Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president |
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Term
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Definition
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis |
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Term
| WILHELM ROENTGEN (1845-1923) |
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Definition
Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895
Let doctors see inside the body (can view the internal aspects like bones, lungs, abdominal organs!!)
X-RAYED WIFE’S HAND |
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Term
| Sigmund Freud (1836-1939) |
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Definition
Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind
His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry |
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Term
| Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) |
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Definition
| Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century-It provided a cure for life threatening infections!!! |
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Term
| Jonas Salk (1914-1995) and Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993) |
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Definition
Discovered polio vaccine which lead to its prevention and eradicated suffering among children!!
Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.(Even our past president FDR) |
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Term
| Francis Crick and James Watson |
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Definition
Described the structure of DNA and how it carries
genetic information in 1953-it was the foundation
for understanding genetic diseases!!!
Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA
Shared the Noble Prize in 1962 |
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Term
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Definition
| Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins
Currently Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John Hopkins
He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| methods used my health care facilities and insurance companies to keep the cost of health care down. |
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Term
| Reasons for high health care costs: |
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Definition
| Technological advances (more high-tech machines and equipment/medicines~keeping patients alive longer), the Aging population: people are living longer so there are more to care for with age related disorders, Health-related lawsuits-usually the government tries to put a cap on the awards given in a malpractice lawsuit in order to contain costs!!! |
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Term
| Methods of cost containment |
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Definition
a. Diagnostic related groups (DRG)-there is one set price for a test or procedure that the insurance will pay!! If the Dr. Charges more than the DRG price, then the Dr. or Agency is responsible for paying the extra, not the patient with the insurance or the insurance company!!!
b. Combination of services (do as many things at once as possible/cuts costs)
c. Outpatient services (it is cheaper to send patients home if possible)
d. Mass or bulk purchasing (like BJ’s or Sam’s Club)
e. Early intervention and preventive services (eat right/exercise/go to the Dr. for yearly physicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| In another effort to save money, patients are sent home from the hospital earlier than before because it is more cost effective to assist patients in their home than in the hospital when it comes to minor health care issues. HOME HEALTH providers are usually nurses, physical and occupational therapists and dieticians do home care!! Some Respiratory therapists also deliver care in the home. Hospice Care: cancer patients, usually takes place in the home as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| ~Types of facilities (more detail later): Long Term Care Facilities, Assisted Living, Rehabilitation, and Nursing Homes /in order to ensure safety for residents in long term care facilities, regulations and legislation has been mandated!! |
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Term
| Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) |
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Definition
| this act ensures that places like nursing homes are required to make sure nurses and nursing assistants have a current license or certificate |
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Term
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Definition
| Telemedicine is used today where care and diagnostic tests can be done remotely with computers!! There is also a way to perform surgery on someone in another state with the use of telemedicine |
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Term
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Definition
| when a Dr. is concerned with overall wellness of a patient, they will ask about work, family, diet and physical activity!!!We usually call this: HOLISTIC HEALTH-this person would probably use chicken soup and rest to treat a cold as well as adding medicines as needed and possibly massage or counseling of some kind (caring for the overall person)! |
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Term
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Definition
Physical wellness ~your body/systems
Emotional wellness ~ emotions/support/psych
Social wellness ~ do you have a support system
Mental and intellectual wellness ~ your mind
Spiritual Wellness ~ do you believe in a higher power and focus inward/grow |
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Term
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Definition
| ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY METHODS OF HEALTH CARE |
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Term
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Definition
| -this is an ancient philosophy developed in India that is used to determine a person’s predominant body type |
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Term
| Chinese medicine practitioners |
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Definition
| talks about your Chi!! (the energy that flows through us/acupuncture is related to your Chi)-MY LIFE |
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Term
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Definition
| -a complementary practitioner that uses their hands to realign the bones in a person’s back and restore the flow of energy- more widely accepted that other alternative practitioners |
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Term
| other alternative practitioners |
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Definition
~Homeopaths are a type of practitioner/they use highly diluted preparations
~Hypnotists us altered states of consciousness
~Naturopaths are a type of practitioner that believe the body has a natural ability to heal itself and teach an emphasis on diet/exercise and life style changes. |
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