Term
| What is health psychology? |
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Definition
| Scientific study of the interrelationship between social, psychological, and behavioral processes with physical health. |
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Term
| What do health psychologists do? |
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Definition
| study issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or get over illness. focuses on etiology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction, studies prevention and treatment of illness. |
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Term
| What is the biopsychosocial model? |
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Definition
| idea that mind and body together determine health and illness logically. anything above can affect what's below, and vice versa. |
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Term
| what is the biomedical model? |
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Definition
| all illnesses can be explained on the basis of somatic bodily processes, such as biochemical imbalances or neurophysiological abnormalities. psychological and social processes are largely irrelevant to the disease process. |
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Term
| what are the issues relating to the changing patterns of illness in the last century? |
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Definition
| acute disorders in past, and chronic illnesses now. |
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Term
| what are acute disorders? |
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Definition
| short-term illnesses, often a result of a viral or bacterial invader. from before 20th century. |
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Term
| what are chronic illnesses? |
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Definition
| slowly developing diseases that typically cannot be cured, people live with it for many years. typical in industrialized countries. |
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Term
| what is the relationship between the field of health psychology and the health care industry? |
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Definition
health psychologists know what makes people satisfied or dissatisfied with their health care, so they can help design a user friendly health care system.
they also are trying to provide all Americans with a basic health care package. |
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Term
| what are the differences between various types of research design? |
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Definition
experiments-must research involves. researcher uses 2 or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways.
correlational research uses I.V.'s and D.V.'s to see if there are correlations between the two.
prospective research looks forward in time to see how a group of people change.
retrospective research looks backwards in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation. |
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Term
| what are the roles of health behaviors in disease processes? |
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Definition
| nearly half the deaths in the u.s. are caused by preventable factors, with smoking, obesity and drinking being the top 3. successful modification of health behaviors will have several beneficial effects. |
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Term
| what are health behaviors? |
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Definition
| behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health. |
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Term
| what factors are important in the development and change of health behaviors? |
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Definition
| develop good health habits, encourage primary prevention (take measures to combat risk factors for illness before it has a chance to develop), demographic factors, age, values, personal goals, perceived symptoms, social influence are all important in development of these behaviors. |
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Term
| what are general issues related to intervening with children and adolescents? |
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Definition
| health habits are strongly affected by early socialization, especially influence of parents as both teachers and role models. close window of vulnerability, use teachable moments. |
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Term
| what is a teachable moment? |
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Definition
| the fact that certain times are better than others for teaching particular health practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that if people are fearful that a particular habit is hurting their health, they will change their behavior to reduce their fear. |
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Term
| how does fear appeals have a role in changing health behaviors? |
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Definition
| feat appeals may increase awareness, but not necessarily change behavior. needs to be coupled with recommendations for action or information about the health behavior to produce long-lasting changes in health habits. |
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Term
| what is the health belief model? |
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Definition
| whether a person practices a particular health behavior depends on two factors: whether the person perceives a personal health threat, and whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat. |
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Term
| what is the theory of planned behavior? |
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Definition
| attempts to link health attitude directly to behavior. behavioral intentions are made up of 3 components: attitudes toward specific action, subjective norms regarding the action, and perceived behavioral control. |
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Term
| what are similarities and differences between the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior? |
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Definition
similarities: both use attitudes
differences: planned behavior uses outside thoughts while health belief is ONLY that person. |
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Term
| what is the philosophy underlying cognitive-behavioral approaches to behavior change? |
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Definition
| approaches to health habit modification changes the focus to the target behavior itself -- the conditions that elicit and maintain it, and the factors that reinforce it. |
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Term
| what are the major factors related to prevention of relapse? |
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Definition
| booster sessions, add more components to intervention like relaxation therapy. consider abstinence as a lifelong treatment process. one needs to be motivated to change behavior, some use "self-talk" which enables one to talk themselves through tempting situations. |
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Term
| what are the benefits of regular exercise? |
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Definition
| decreases risk of several chronic diseases like heart disease and some cancers. cuts risk of type 2 diabetes in high risk adults. 66% of adults don't achieve recommended levels of physical activity, 40% don't engage in any. |
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Term
| what are the determinants of regular exercise? |
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Definition
| most participation in exercise programs is erratic. only half of those people who initiate a voluntary exercise program are still participating in that program after 6 months. |
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Term
| what are the major sources of accidents for different age groups? |
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Definition
under 5=accidents in home. should childproof home.
elderly= falls. dietary and medication intervention to reduce bone loss is one reducing factor.
greatest cause of accidental deaths is motorcycle/automobile accidents. efforts go into maintenance on roads, reduce speeds and wearing seatbelts. |
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Term
| what are the basics of cancer related health behaviors? |
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Definition
| mammograms cause decrease in breast cancer, more colorectal cancer screenings, and sun safety is being talked about more. |
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Term
| why is obesity a health risk? |
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Definition
| its an excess accumulation of body fat. effects blood pressure, and plasma cholesterol levels. contributes to death by cardiovascular disease, all cancers combined, and associated with many problems with surgery and childbearing. also chief cause of disability, causes one to die earlier than non-obsese. also causes psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| obsessive disorder amounting to self starvation, in which an individual diets and exercises to the point that body weight is grossly below optimum level, threatening health and potentially leading to death. |
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Term
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Definition
| normal/over-weight. bingeing and purging involved. response to stress many be elevated, excessive concern with body/weight, preoccupation with dieting, history of depression, and alcohol/drug abuse. |
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Term
| what are the origins of alcoholism and problem drinking? |
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Definition
| genetic factors, men at greater risk, but younger women are catching up. sociodemographic factors, like low income, also predict alcoholism. |
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Term
| what are the basics of treatment of alcoholism and alcohol abuse? |
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Definition
| "maturing out" is common, where 50% of all alcoholics do it on their own. treatment includes detoxification, therapy, AA, cognitive-behavioral treatments, relapse prevention. |
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Term
| what are the health effects of smoking? |
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Definition
| single greatest cause of preventable death. risks for heart disease, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, etc. |
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Term
| what are the patterns of smoking in different age groups? |
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Definition
| social ties, runs in the family, peer pressure, initial experimentation. in adults, social influences also important. more likely men than women smoke. |
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Term
| what are the synergistic effects of smoking? |
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Definition
| enhances detrimental effects of other risk factors. stress and smoking increases heart rate reactivity to stress. weight/smoking increases mortality. they engage in less physical activity. more likely among those who are depressed. |
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Term
| what are the issues related to the use of experiments? |
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Definition
| uses random assignment, and people cannot, for example, be randomly assigned to diseases. |
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Term
| what are the issues related to the use of correlational studies? |
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Definition
| it is usually impossible to determine the direction of causality unambiguously. |
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Term
| what are the issues related to the use of prospective designs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the issues related to the use of retrospective research? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the stages of change model? |
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Definition
| precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance. |
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Term
| what was the honolulu heart study? |
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Definition
| showed older adults that walk two miles per day have a 50% higher mortality rate. |
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Term
| what was the blair and coll study? |
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Definition
| 13000 men and women, increased fitness meant 3-5 times less risk. |
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Term
| what was the waterloo smoking prevention program? |
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Definition
| took 700 6th graders, told them facts about risks, skills and peer pressure. there was a decrease in kids smoking and more kids who were smokers quit. |
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Term
| what was the multiple regulation model? |
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Definition
| intervention, made them rapidly smoke to try to make it more punishing for individual. reinforcement/support from friends and family. it was short term. |
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Term
| what was the belloc and breslow study? |
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Definition
they gave 7 good health behaviors. included
1 Sleeping 7–8 hours a day.
2 Having breakfast every day.
3 Not smoking.
4 Rarely eating between meals.
5 Being near or at prescribed weight.
6 Having moderate or no use of alcohol.
7 Taking regular exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| went around to restaurants asking if they would let in chinese couples. 92% said no, and then they sent the couples in and only 1 out of 300 was turned away. dealt with attitude and behavior and how they weren't on the same page. |
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Term
| what was the wicker study? |
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Definition
| focused on relationship between attitudes and behavior. |
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Term
| what was the stanford 3-community study? |
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Definition
| used control, mass media appeal, and mass media and face to face interaction. mass media can reach a lot of people, but how affective is that? |
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