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| the traditional view of western medicine, which defines health as the absence of disease |
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| a disease causing organism |
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| the approach to health that includes biological, psychological, and social influences. |
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| designed to integrate medicine and the various behavioral sciences, especially psychology |
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| the branch of psychology that concerns individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting a persons physical health |
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| an inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of an active treatment and that may cause participants to improve or change because of their belief in the placebos efficacy |
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| negative effect of a placebo |
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| study where participants and experimenters are ignorant of who is getting the placebo and who is getting the treatment |
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| study where only the participants do not know if they are receiving the active of inactive treatment |
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| yield info about the degree of relationship between two variables |
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| follow participants over an extended period |
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| compares two or more separate groups of individuals, conducted only as one point in time |
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| type of quasi experimental study, researchers choose a variable of interest and select participants who already differ on the variable |
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| a positive or negative relationship between two variables |
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| a variable chosen by a researcher to provide levels of comparison for groups of subjects |
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| branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to increased health or occurrence of a disease in a particular population |
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| any characteristic or condition that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease than without the disease |
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| refers to the proportion of a population that has a particular disease or condition at a specific time |
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| measures the frequency of new cases of a disease during a specific period |
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| begin with a population of disease free participants and follow them over a period of time to determine whether a condition is related to another condition |
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| begin with a group of people with a disease and look backwards for characteristics or conditions that mark them as being different from people without the disease |
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| a retrospective study where people with a disease are compared to people without the disease |
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| subjects are allowed to some degree to determine their own placement in either the control or experimental group |
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| a research design that tests the effects of a new drug or medical treatment |
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| statistical technique that allows researchers to evaluate many studies on the same topic |
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| a persons chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any risk other people may have for that disease or disorder |
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| the ratio of the incidence of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence of that disease in the unexposed group |
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| dose response relationship |
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| a direct consistent association between an independent variable and a dependent variable |
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| a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses |
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| a set of related principles or hypotheses constructed to explain significant relationships |
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| the extent to which a test or other measuring instruments yield consistent results |
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| the extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure |
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| the belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors that will produce desired outcomes |
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| the belief that other people, not oneself, will experience negative events |
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| consists of the activities people who experience symptoms but have not yet gotten a diagnosis |
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| the term applied to the behavior or people after a diagnosis |
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| based on the principles of operant conditioning proposed by Skinner, immediate reinforcement or any response that moves the organism toward the target behavior |
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| a positively valued stimulus is added to the situation |
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| removal of a negatively valued stimulus |
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| removal of a positive stimulus or addition of a negative stimulus that can weaken a response |
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| human action results from an interaction of behavior, environment, and person factors, suggested by Bandura |
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| theory that assumes humans have some capacity to exercise limited control over their lives |
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| assumes that people progress and regress through five stages |
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| a persons ability and willingness to follow recommended health practices |
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| tangible and intangible help that a person gets from family and friends |
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| motivational interviewing |
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| approach that attempts to change a persons motivation and prepares them to enact changes in behavior |
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Definition
| nerve cells, in each neuron are ions that hold the potential for an electrical discharge |
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| manufactured in the neurons and stored in vesicles at the ends of the neurons |
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| the space between neurons |
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| consists of brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| serves the skin and voluntary muscles |
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| serves internal organs and is thus involved in responses to stress |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| "flight" mobilizes the body's resources in emergency, stressful, and emotional situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| promotes relaxation and functions under normal, nonstressful conditions |
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| acetylcholine & norepinephrine |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters, activates neurons in the ANS |
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Definition
| ductless glands throughout the body |
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Definition
| the endocrine glands that are controlled by and interact with the nervous system |
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| chemical substances released into the blood and having effects on other parts of the body |
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| "master gland" produces hormones that affect other glands |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| plays a role in the stress response, when stimulated by the hypothalamus the pituitary ACTH which acts on the adrenal glands |
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| endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys |
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| occurs when ACTH from the pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids |
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| occurs when the sympathetic nervous system activates the adrenal medulla which prompts the release of catecholamines |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| general adaption syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| the bodys generalized attempt to defend itself against noxious agents |
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Definition
| first stage of GAS, bodys defenses against a stressor are mobilized through activation of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the second stage of GAS, the organism afapts to the stressor |
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| third stage of GAS, the organisms ability to resist is depleted and a breakdown results |
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Definition
| Lazarus and Folkman, ones initial appraisal of a potentially stressful event |
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| Lazarus and Folkman, after initial appraisal people form an impression of their ability to control or cope with harm, threat, or challange |
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Definition
| Lazarus and Folkman, constant reevaluation of stressful events |
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| post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder caused by experience with a traumatic event and characterized by recurrent and intrusive re-experiencing of the event |
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| strategies that individuals use to manage the distressing problems and emotions in their lives |
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| a variety of material and emotional supports a person receives from others |
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| the number and types of people with whom one associates |
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| the absence of specific, meaningful, interpersonal relaitonships |
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| peoples ability to cope with stressful life events, confidence they have some control over the events that shape their lives |
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| aimed at changing the source of the stress |
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| aimed toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress |
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| cognitive behavioral theory |
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Definition
| a type of therapy that aims to develop beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and skills to make positive changes in behavior |
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| a therapeutic technique in which people express their strong emotions by talking or writing about negative events |
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Definition
| system that transports lymph through the body |
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| consists of the tissue components of blood other than red cells and platelets |
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| type of white blood cells found in lymph |
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| the attacking of foreign particles by cells of the immune system |
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Definition
| contain granules filled with chemicals, they release their chemicals which attack invaders |
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| perform many immune functions such as assist in the initiation of immune responses and secreting chemicals involved in breaking down cell membranes of invaders |
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| works to restore tissues that have been damaged by invaders |
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| foreign substances that provoke antibody manufacture |
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| focuses on the interactions among behavior, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system |
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| chemical messengers secreted by cells in the immune system |
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Definition
| suggests that some individuals are vulnerable to stress related diseases because of genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance predisposes them to those diseases |
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| physical disorders linked to stress |
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Definition
| headaches, infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, ulcers, diabetes, premature delivery, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis |
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| psychological disorders related to stress |
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| depression and anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| conveys sensory information from the body to the brain |
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| afferent (sensory) neurons |
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Definition
| relay information from the sense organs toward the brain |
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Definition
| result in the movement of muscles or the stimulation of organs or glands |
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| connect sensory to motor neurons |
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Definition
| receptors in the skin and organs, respond to various types of stimulation that may cause pain |
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Definition
| covers neurons and allows them to conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated neurons, A fibers are myelinated and C fibers are not |
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Definition
| receives information from afferent neurons in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| opiate-like neurochemicals, one of brains mechanisms for modulating pain |
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Definition
| structure in brain involved in pain perception |
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Definition
| most crucial stage of pain, comes between acute and chronic pain stages, the person either overcomes the pain or develops to chronic pain |
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| pain marked by alternating episodes of intense pain and no pain |
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Definition
| theory of pain, the experience of pain is equal to the amount of tissue damage |
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| theory of pain, structures in the spinal cord act as a gate for the sensory input that the brain interprets as pain |
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| nerve impulses that descend from the brain and influence the gating mechanism |
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Definition
| symptoms that occur together and characterize a condition |
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Definition
| characterized by recurrent attacks of pain that vary widely in intensity, frequency, and duration |
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Definition
| muscular in origin, accompanied by sustained contractions of the muscles of the neck, shoulders, scalp, and face |
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| sever headache that occurs in daily or nearly daily clusters |
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder of swelling and inflammation of the joints as well as the destruction of cartilage, bone, and tendons |
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Definition
| progressive inflammation of joints that produces degeneration of cartilage and bone |
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| chronic pain condition, tender points throughout the body |
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| medical approaches to managing pain |
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Definition
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Definition
| relieve pain without losing consciousness, two groups: opiates and nonnarcotic (ex: advil) |
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| behavioral techniques for managing pain |
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Definition
| relaxation training and behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| type of behavioral therapy, the process of shaping behavior through the application of operant conditioning principles |
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| cognitive behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| type of behavioral therapy, aims to develop beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and skills to make positive changes in behavior |
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Term
| Most people in the U.S. die of chronic diseases. True or False? |
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Definition
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| The placebo has treatment benefits but can be troublesome. True or false? |
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Definition
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| Correlational studies yield information about causation. True or false? |
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Definition
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| Experimental studies yield information about causation. True or false? |
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Definition
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| Retrospective studies begin with a group of people who already have a disease or disorder. True or false? |
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Definition
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| What system conveys info from the body to the spinal cord to the brain? |
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| What are sensory neurons also called? |
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Definition
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| What helps speed neural transmission? |
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Definition
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| I have dull, deep pain in my back-- what type of fiber is responsible for that transmission of pain? |
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Definition
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| I cut my finger--what type of fiber is responsible for that transmission of pain? |
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Definition
| A delta fibers (myelinated) |
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| What part of the brain is considered the "relay center" for sensory information? |
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Definition
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| Sensory information is mapped in the brain, what area is done more precisely, the skin or the internal organs? |
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Definition
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| How is a heart attack and pain in the upper arm connected? |
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Definition
| intense stimulation of internal organs results in spread of neural stimulation to pathways serving skin senses |
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| How is emotional pain sent to the brain? |
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Definition
| the anterior cingulate cortex and the right ventral prefrontal cortex are activated |
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| What forms the basis for neural transmission and plays a role in pain perception? |
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Definition
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| What common neurochemical produced by the brain is similar to an opiate? |
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Definition
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| Do some neurotransmitters exacerbate pain? |
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Definition
| yes, glutamate and substance P |
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Term
| Proinflammatroy cytokines create what type of pain? |
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Definition
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| What area of the brain must be stimulated for pain relief to occur? |
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Definition
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Definition
| extends to health issues, impact of optimism on health and life expectancy |
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Definition
| indicate the degree of relationship between two variables |
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Definition
| conducted at one point in time and compare people at different ages |
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Definition
| follow participants over an extended period of time |
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| consistent results, can be established through test retest or inter-rater methods |
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Definition
| measuring instruments can be reliable(consistent) and lack validity(accuracy) |
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Definition
-general adaption syndrome
-the potential for trauma or illness exists at all three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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| Lazarus-transactional view |
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Definition
| primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| people who believe luck, fate,or the acts of others determine their lives |
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| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| people who believe they have control over their lives |
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Definition
| involves taking steps to avoid an anticipated stressor |
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Definition
-perceived susceptibility to disease or disability
-perceived severity of the disease or disability
-perceived benefits of health enhancing behaviors
-perceived barriers to health enhancing behaviors |
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| people are most likely to seek medical care when: |
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Definition
1. symptoms are visible to themselves and others
2. symptoms seem severe
3. symptoms interfere with usual lifestyle
4. symptoms recur or persist |
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| neurotransmitters in the ANS is conducted mainly by two chemicals: |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| The first stage of the general adaption syndrome is alarm. T or F? |
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Definition
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| According to Lazarus, peoples perception of their ability to cope with a stressful event can diminish their feelings of stress. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Life events and everyday hassles are two terms for similar sources of stress. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Whenever preston faces a major source of conflict he "drowns" his problems by drinking. Such a tactic is called problem focused coping. T or F? |
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Definition
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| psychoneuroimmunology is a field that focuses on the interactions among behavior, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Evidence from research by Cohen demonstrated that stress does not relate to the common cold. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Compared with people who have little reaction to stress, those who react with strong emotion are more likely to have cardiovascular disease. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Laughter can strengthen the immune system. T or F? |
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Definition
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| The fight or flight model is appropriate for both men and women in all situations. T or F? |
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Definition
false
women=tend and befriend |
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| Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands. T or F? |
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Definition
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| The theory of planned behavior includes the concept of behavioral control, but the theory or reasoned action does not. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Optimistic bias is a stage in the precaution adoption process model. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Peoples belief that they can control their environment is called self efficacy. T or F? |
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Definition
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| The first stage of the transtheoretical model is called the precontemplation stage. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Health related theories should generate research, explain observations, and help people predict behavior change. T or F? |
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Definition
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| Educational approaches and behavioral approaches are about equally successful in improving compliance. T or F? |
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Definition
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| What is the key word to always remember when working with patients in regards to behavior change? |
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Definition
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