Term
|
Definition
| Membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the space near the posterior abdominal wall and the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 abdominal quadrants. |
|
Definition
1. Epigastric
2. Umbilical
3. Hypogastric/Suprapubic |
|
|
Term
| Organs by Quadrant: Right Upper Quadrant |
|
Definition
Ascending colon
Duodenum
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Liver
Pancreas (head)
Transverse colon
Ureter (right) |
|
|
Term
| Organs by quadrant: Left Upper Quadrant |
|
Definition
Descending Colon
Left kidney
Pancreas (body and tail)
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse colon
Ureter (left) |
|
|
Term
| Organs by quadrant: Right Lower Quadrant |
|
Definition
Appendix
Ascending Colon
Bladder
Cecum
Rectum
Ovary, uterus and fallopian tube (female)
Prostate and spermatic cord (male)
Small intestine
Ureter (right) |
|
|
Term
| Organs by quadrant: Left Lower Quadrant |
|
Definition
Bladder
Descending Colon
Ovary, uterus, fallopian tube (female)
Prostate and spermatic cord (male)
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Ureter (left) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bright red blood in stool |
|
|
Term
| What is the "normal" range for bowel elimination frequency? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 times a day to 3 times a week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines) |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes and symptoms of gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
-Multiple causes such as: virus, bacteria, parasite, medications, food intolerances
-Symptoms include:
Nausea and/or vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramping
Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These are organs that maintain a characteristic shape.
Liver
Pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal glands
Spleen
Ovaries and Uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organs whose shape depends on their contents.
Stomach
Gallbladder
Colon
Small intestine
Bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of an abdominal assessment exam? |
|
Definition
Inspect
Auscultate
Percuss
Palpate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 contours of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
1. Flat
2. Scaphoid
3. Rounded
4. Protuberant |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 F's of a protuberant abdomen? |
|
Definition
1. Fat
2. Fluid
3. Flatus
4. Fetus
5. Feces
6. Fatal growths |
|
|
Term
| What kind of sound would you hear upon percussion of a protuberants abdomen due to ascitic fluid? |
|
Definition
| With the patient in a supine position, you would hear tympany in the center of the abdomen and dullness along the sides (where the fluid is). |
|
|
Term
| What are abnormal bowel sound classifications? |
|
Definition
-Absent (obstruction): listen for full 4-5 min
-Hypoactive (decreased motility): Low gurgling <4 in 1 min
-Hyperactive (increased motility): High pitched, loud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turbulent flow or stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal span of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Push on LLQ then quickly remove hand
-Rebound tenderness in RLQ or pain in RLQ durring LLQ pressure (appendicitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pt. lays supine and examiner pushes down on patient's right thigh and asks pt. to raise leg. Pt. has pain in RLQ (appendicitis) |
|
|
Term
| Murphy's sign/Inspiratory arrest |
|
Definition
| Sharp pain upon inspiration when examiner's hand is palpating the liver (cholecystitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If ascites is present, the push will generate a fluid wave through the abdomen and you will feel a positive fluid wave. Distention is due to gas or adipose tissue, you will feel no change. |
|
|
Term
| What are classes physical findings of alcohol abuse? |
|
Definition
1. Hepatosplenomegaly (HSM)
2. Ascites
3. Caput medusa
4. Spider angiomas
5. Peripheral edema
6. Palmar erythema
7. Erythematic or bulbous nose |
|
|
Term
| What should you teach someone at risk for Hep A? |
|
Definition
-Transmission via fecal-oral
-Children often asymptomatic
-Vaccine available
-Prophylaxis: serum globulin
-Stess good handwashing techniques |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 risk categories for Hep B? |
|
Definition
1. Sexual contacts
2. People with percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood
3. Others: travelers, patients with chronic liver disease or HIV infection |
|
|
Term
| Who does the CDC recommend get Hep B vaccine? |
|
Definition
1. All adults in high-risk settings
2. In primary care or specialty settings
3. Adults in occupations involving exposure to blood or other potentially infectious body fluids
4. All pregnant women at first prenatal visit |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for Hep C? |
|
Definition
-Repeated percutaneous exposure
-IV drug users
-Transfusion with clotting factors before 1987
-Hemodialysis
-Sex partners using IV drugs
-Blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992
-Occupational exposure
-Multiple or infected sex partner |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for colorectal cancer |
|
Definition
-Past colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyp
-History of inflammatory bowel disease
-Family history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyp |
|
|
Term
| Screening for colorectal cancer |
|
Definition
-Fecal occult blood test annually
-Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
-Colonoscopy every 10 years |
|
|
Term
| Prevention of urinary incontinence |
|
Definition
-Pelvic muscle training
-Pelvic muscle exercises
-Biofeedback
-Incontinence is not normal |
|
|
Term
| Peptic Ulcer and Dyspepsia process |
|
Definition
| Peptic ulcer refers to a demonstrable ulcer, usually in the duodenum or stomach. Dyspepsia causes similar symptoms but no ulceration. Infection by H. Pylori is often present. |
|
|
Term
| Peptic Ulcer and Dyspepsia (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: Epigastric, may radiate to back
Q: Variable: gnawing, burning, pressing or hunger-like
T: Intermittent. Duodenal ulcer more likely to cause pain that 1) wakes at night, 2) occurs intermittently over a few weeks, then disappears for months, then recurs.
AF: Variable
RF: Food and antacids may bring relief
AS&S: N&V, Belching, bloating; Heartburn, weight loss. Dyspepsia is more common in the young (20-29), and gastric ulcer in those over 50, and duodenal ulcer in those 30-60. |
|
|
Term
| The processes of acute and chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
Acute: An acute inflammation of the pancreas
Chronic: Fibrosis of the pancreas secondary to recurrent inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Acute pancreatitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: Epigastric, may radiate to the back or other parts of the abdomen; may be poorly localized
Q: Usually steady
T: Acute onset, persistent pain
AF: Lying supine
RF: Leaning foward with trunk flexed
AS&S: N&V, abdominal distention, fever. Often a history of previous attacks and alcohol abuse or gallstones. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic pancreatitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: Epigastric, radiating through to the back
Q: Steady, deep
T: Chronic or recurrent course
AF: Alcohol, heavy or fatty meals
RF: Possibly leaning forward with trunk flexed; often intractable
AS&S: Symptoms of decreased pancreatic function may appear: diarrhea with fatty stools (steatorrhea) and diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| Acute cholecystitis process |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually from obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone |
|
|
Term
| Acute cholecystitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: RUQ or upper abd; may radiate to the right scapular area
Q: Steady, aching
T: Gradual onset
AF: Jarring, deep breathing
AS&S: Anorexia, N&V, fever |
|
|
Term
| Acute diverticulitis process |
|
Definition
| Acute inflammation of a colonic diverticulum, a sac-like mucosal outpouching through the colonic muscle |
|
|
Term
| Acute diverticulitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: LLQ
Q: May be cramping at first, but becomes steady
T: Often gradual onset
AS&S: Fever, constipation. There may be initial brief diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute inflammation of the appendix with distention or obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Acute appendicitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: Poorly localized periumbilical pain, followed by RLQ pain
Q: Mild but increasing, possibly cramping; becomes steady and more severe
T: Lasts roughly 4-6 hours; then when it moves to RLQ it depends on intervention
AF: Movement or cough
RF: If it subsides temporarily, suspect perforation of the appendix
AS&S: Anorexia, nausea, possibly vomiting, which typically follows onset of pain, low fever |
|
|
Term
| Acute Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction process |
|
Definition
| Obstruction of the bowel lumen, most commonly caused by 1) adhesions or hernias (small bowel) or 2) cancer or diverticulitis (colon) |
|
|
Term
| Acute Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting) |
|
Definition
L: Small bowel: periumbilical or upper abdominal; Colon: lower abdominal or generalized
Q: Cramping
T: Paroxysmal
AS&S: Small bowel: Vomiting of bile and mucus or fecal material. Obstipation develops; Colon: Obstipation early. Vomiting later ir at all. Prior symptoms of underlying cause. |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems that cause constipation? |
|
Definition
1. Lifestyle Activities and Habits
2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3. Mechanical Obstruction
4. Painful Anal Lesions
5. Drugs
6. Depression
7. Neurologic Disorders
8. Metabolic Conditions |
|
|
Term
| Acute diarrhea (2 processes) |
|
Definition
1. Secretory Infection: Infection by viruses, preformed bacterial toxins, cryptosporidium
2. Inflammatory Infection: Colonization or invasion of intestinal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Acute Diarrhea: Secretory Infection (Characteristics of Stool, Timing, Associated Symptoms, Setting/Persons at Risk) |
|
Definition
CoS: Watery, without blood, pus, or mucus
T: Duration of a few days, possibly longer. Lactase deficiency may lead to a longer course.
AS: N&V, periumbilical cramping pain. Temperature normal or slightly elevated.
S/PaR: Often travel, a common food source, or an epidemic |
|
|
Term
| Acute Diarrhea: Inflammatory Infection (Characteristics of Stool, Timing, Associated Symptoms, Setting/Persons at Risk) |
|
Definition
CoS: Loose to watery, often with blood, pus, or mucus
T: An acute illness of varying duration
AS: Lower abdominal cramping pain and often rectal urgency, tenesmus; fever
S/PaR: Travel, contaminated food or water. Men and women who have had frequent anal intercourse |
|
|
