Term
| What area of the male anatomy is a potential hernia site? |
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Definition
| Juncture of lower abdomen wall and thigh is a potential hernia site in which a loop of bowel (colon) portrudes though a weak spot in musculature |
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Term
| What do the lymphatics of the penis and scrotal surfaces drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the lymphatics of the testes drain into? |
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Definition
| The abdominal lymph nodes (which aren't accessible to exam) |
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Term
| What are the anatomical borders of the inguinal area? |
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Definition
| The anterior superior iliac spine and symphysis pubis |
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Term
| How long is the inguinal canal and what are the openings called? |
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Definition
| 4-6 cm in an adult and the two openings are called the internal ring and the external ring |
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Term
| What are 6 important components of a reproductive health history in men? |
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Definition
1. What may have brought the patient in
2. Sexual preference and sexual response
3. Penile discharge or lesions
4. Scrotal pain or swelling
5. Inguinal pain or swelling
6. Problems with urination |
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Term
| What are the 3 main topics to include in reproductive health promotion for men during visit? |
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Definition
1. Prevention of HIV/STI's
2. Testicular Cancer Screening
3. Prostate Cancer Screening |
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Term
| What do you ask about when taking male fertility history? |
|
Definition
-Number of children
-Infertility evaluation |
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Term
| What should you ask about when assessing male sexual activity history? |
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Definition
-Erection and ejaculation history (impotence, dysfuction)
-Partners
-Practices, Protection, Past history of STD/STI |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the Tanner scale? |
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Definition
| Scale of physical development in children, adolescents, and adults |
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Term
| List the Tanner scale stages of pubic hair |
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Definition
Tanner I: no pubic hair at all
Tanner II: small amount of long down pubic hair with slight pigment
Tanner III: Hair becomes more coarse and curly
Tanner IV: adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs
Tanner V: hair extends to medial surface of the thighs |
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Term
| What should you do if you notice a mass during a scrotal examination? |
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Definition
| Transilluminate it: By holding a light behind the scrotum one can easily determine whether the mass is cystic (light shines through) or solid (light blocked by the mass) |
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Term
| What is the concern if abnormalities are noted in the epididymis and spermatic cord? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pathological accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotum. The main symptom is a painless swollen testicle which feels like water balloon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the testes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The involuntary contraction of the cremaster muscle when the inner thigh is lightly stroked. It can be overactive during adolescence but it's absence in adulthood can indicate health problems (such as testicular torsion or spinal injury) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal location of the urethral opening |
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|
Term
| What are the signs of testicular cancer? |
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Definition
| unilateral, hard, painless mass |
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Term
| Self exams for testicular and breast cancer are now a Class D recommendation. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| There is moderate to high certainty that the service has no benefit or that harm outweighs the benefit |
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Term
| What positions can the patient be in during an anal and colorectal exam? |
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Definition
-L lateral recumbent (left side lying)
-Lithotomy
-Standing |
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Term
| During a prostate exam, what would be considered abnormal findings? |
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Definition
-greater than 2.5cm
- irregular
-"boggy"/very mushy
-very hard
-tender |
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Term
| Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) |
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Definition
| This at home test detects blood in the stool by placing a small sample of stool on a chemically treated card, pad, or wipe. Two separate BMs are tested since cancerous tumors can bleed intermittently. |
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Term
How frequently should a patient get:
1. FOBT
2. Flex Sig
3. Colonoscopy |
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Definition
1. Once a year (unless done in combo with Flex Sig, then every 3 years)
2. Every 5 years
3. Every 10 years |
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Term
|
Definition
| Doctor looks for polyps/cancer in rectum and lower third of colon with a small, thin, lighted tube inserted into rectum. Pt. must take enema/laxative night before procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to flex sig, except the doctor uses longer lighted tube, checks for polyps/cancer in rectum and entire colon, and during test doctor can find and remove most polyps and some cancers. Pt. is slight sedated during test. |
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Term
| A young man feels a sharp pain in his testicle. At what point does he go to a doctor? How long does he have before serious damage occurs? How much time is too long? |
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Definition
1. If the pain lasts for more than one hour
2. If he does not see a doctor within 6 hours, chances that his testicle will have permanent damage rise
3. If he does not go to a doctor within 24 hours |
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Term
| What is the most current US Preventative Services Task Force stance on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based screening for prostate cancer? |
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Definition
| It recommends against it, stating the potential benefit does not outweigh the risk. Only 1 out of 1000 men every 10 years are thought to be helped by PSA screeening, yet 120 out of every 1000 men receive a false-positive test, thereby leading to overdiagnoses and overtreatment. |
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Term
| What is the most common cancer in men? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the prostate do? |
|
Definition
| Produces fluid that makes up a part of the semen |
|
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Term
| How does the prostate change as men age? How does this relate to urination? |
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Definition
| It enlarges and causes the urethra to narrow, thereby decreasing urine flow |
|
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Term
| What are some of the symptoms of prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
-Difficulty starting urination
-Weak or interrupted urine flow
-Frequent urination, especially at night
-Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
-Pain or burning during urination or ejaculation
-Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn't resolve |
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|
Term
| What are risk factors for prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
1. Age: the older the man, the higher the risk
2. Family History
3. Race: more common in African Americans |
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Term
| What are symptoms of colon cancer? |
|
Definition
There may not be any, but if there are:
1. Blood in or on stool
2. Stomach pains, aches, or cramps that don't resolve
3. Unexplained weight loss |
|
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Term
| What are the risk factors associated with colon cancer? |
|
Definition
1. Age: 90% cases occur in 50 yrs of age or older
2. Inflammatory Bowel Diseaes
3. Family History
4. Lifestyle Factors: low fiber/high fat intake, low physical activity; alcohol/tobacco use |
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Term
| What is the best way to prevent colorectal (colon) cancer? |
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Definition
| Screening. Precancerous polyps can be present in the colon for years before they turn into cancer, and we can find these polyps and destroy them before that during a screening. |
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Term
| How would you set a comfortable environment while taking a female reproductive history? |
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Definition
1. Collect history while patient is dressed
2. Understand anxieties, discomfort, embarrassments
3. Treat patient with respect and patience |
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Term
| What structural and functional changes occur in a woman's body during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
1. Breast enlargement and milk production
2. Uterine size increases
3. Changes in vaginal secretions, mucosa, and color |
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Term
| What structural and functional changes occur in an elderly woman druing/after menopause? |
|
Definition
1. Pubic hair gradually decreases
2. Skin is thinner and fat deposits decrease, leaving mons pubis smaller, and labia flatter
3. Clitoris size also decreases after age 60
4. Uterus reduces in size |
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Term
| Who should be screened for cervical cancer and how often should screening be done? |
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Definition
| Women 21 to 65 years old with Pap smear every 3 years; For women 30-65 who want to lengthen screening time, they can get a combination HPV test/Pap smear every 5 years |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the vagina |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the end of the large intestine (rectum) pushes through the back wall of the vagina |
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Term
|
Definition
| Falling or sliding of the womb (uterus) from its normal position into the vaginal area. Symptoms: Feeling like you are sitting on a small ball; Difficult or painful sexual intercourse |
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Term
|
Definition
Gravida: total number of pregnancies
Para: total number of deliveries after 20 wks gestational age
Abortus: Number of pregnancy losses (elective, spontaneous before 20 weeks gest. age, induced) |
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Term
| Benign Breast Disease (formerly Fibrocystic Breast Disease) |
|
Definition
-Multiple tender masses
-Cyclic discomfort
-Lympiness |
|
|
Term
| Concerning signs that may indicate breast cancer? |
|
Definition
-Signs of retraction
-Abnormal contours
-Skin dimpling
-Nipple retraction/deviation
-Edema of the skin
-Paget disease of the nipple |
|
|
Term
| Paget's disease of the nipple |
|
Definition
| Rare form of breast cancer in which the nipple and areola become scaly, red, itchy, and irritated |
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Term
| What are the anatomical borders of the average female breast? |
|
Definition
| Extends from clavicle down to the 6th rib and from the sternum to the midaxillary line |
|
|
Term
| Which axillary lymph nodes are most palpable? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When is nipple retraction concerning? |
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Definition
| When it is a recent change because it could indicate breast cancer or adhesions below the surface |
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Term
| While doing a breast exam, you notice a nodule. What characteristics do you document? |
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Definition
Location (which breast, quadrant or clock site, cm from nipple)
Size (in centimeters)
Shape
Consistency
Delineation (well circumscribed or not)
Tenderness
Mobility |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 most common kinds of breast masses? |
|
Definition
1. Fibroadenoma
2. Cysts
3. Breast Cancer |
|
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Term
| What is the usual age for a woman to have a fibroadenoma, cyst, and breast cancer? |
|
Definition
F: 15-25; usually puberty and young adulthood, but up to 55
Cyst: 30-50, regress after menopause except with estrogen therapy
Cancer: 30-90; most common over age 50 |
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Term
| What is the usual number of fibroadenomas, cysts, or cancerous lumps found at one time? |
|
Definition
F: Usually single, may be multiple
Cyst: Single or multiple
Cancer: Usually single |
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Term
| What is the common shape of fibroadenomas, cysts, or cancerous masses found in the breast? |
|
Definition
F: Round, disc-like, or lobular
Cyst: Round
Cancer: Irregular or stelate |
|
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Term
| What is the usual consistency of fibroadenoma, cyst, or cancerous mass found in the breast? |
|
Definition
F: May be soft, usually firm
Cyst: Soft to firm, usually elastic
Cancer: Firm or hard |
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Term
| Of the 3 most common breast masses (fibroadenoma, cyst, and cancerous) which one is not clearly delineated upon examination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 3 most common breast masses (fibroadenoma, cyst, and cancerous) which one is usually immobile and fixed to underlying tissues? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 3 most common breast masses (fibroadenoma, cyst, and cancerous) which one is often tender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 3 most common breast masses (fibroadenoma, cyst, and cancerous) which one may show signs of retraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are indications for a pelvic examination during adolescence? |
|
Definition
-Amenorrhea
-Excessive bleeding
-dysmenorrhea
-Unexplained abdominal pain
-Bacteriologic and cytologic studies in sexually active girl
-prescription of contraceptives
-Patient's own desire for assessment |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain or discomfort during intercourse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 phases of a women's reproductive health? |
|
Definition
1. Prepuberty (premenstruation)
2. Puberty (menarche)
3. Childbearing (menstruation)
4. Perimenopausal
5. Menopausal |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of hernias during reproductive examination? |
|
Definition
1. Indirect inguinal hernia (most common)
2. Direct inguinal hernia
3. Femoral hernia (more common in women) |
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